[{"id":"bc-1783-09-03-nc_state","date":"1783-09-03","type":"border-change","title":"The thirteen original states","summary":"Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Massachusetts, Maryland, North Carolina, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, and Virginia became independent states on 4 July 1776. The map shows their boundaries as of 3 September 1783, the date of the Treaty of Paris. Affected: Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Massachusetts, Maryland, North Carolina, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, and Virginia.","reason":"independence","affectedFeatureIds":["ct_state","de_state","ga_state","ma_state","md_state","nc_state","nh_state","nj_state","ny_state","pa_state","ri_state","sc_state","va_state"],"citation":"Declaration of Independence; Declaration of Independence; Swindler, 2:197","sourceUrl":"https://publications.newberry.org/ahcb/pages/United_States.html","needsReview":false,"references":["Swindler, William F., ed. Sources and Documents of United States Constitutions. 10 vols. Dobbs Ferry, N.Y.: Oceana Publications, 1973–1979. The most complete and up-to-date compilation for the states."],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"bc-1783-09-03-er_triangleuft","date":"1783-09-03","type":"border-change","title":"On 29 Oct 1782 New York ceded to the US any claim to territory west of the…","summary":"On 29 Oct 1782 New York ceded to the US any claim to territory west of the meridian of the western end of Lake Ontario, thereby defining its western boundary; the Erie Triangle in present Penn. is part of this cession. Map depicts area as of 3 Sep 1783.","reason":"cession","affectedFeatureIds":["er_triangleuft"],"citation":"Cappon, Petchenik, and Long, 130; Van Zandt, 75","sourceUrl":"https://publications.newberry.org/ahcb/pages/United_States.html","needsReview":true,"references":["Cappon, Lester J., Barbara Bartz Petchenik, and John Hamilton Long, eds. Atlas of Early American History: The Revolutionary Era, 1760-1790. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1976. Section on boundaries is thoroughly documented.","Van Zandt, Franklin K. Boundaries of the United States and the Several States. Geological Survey Professional Paper 909. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1976. The standard compilation for its subject."],"reviewNotes":["Source description is truncated at 254 characters."]},{"id":"bc-1783-09-03-vt_republic","date":"1783-09-03","type":"border-change","title":"Vermont declared its independence from New York in 1777","summary":"Vermont declared its independence from New York in 1777. Although not recognized as a separate state by the Continental Congress, Vermont functioned as an independent republic until statehood in 1791.","reason":"independence","affectedFeatureIds":["vt_republic"],"citation":"Slade, 70-73; Van Zandt, 64; Williamson, C., 82-84, map facing 95, 100-102, 112-113","sourceUrl":"https://publications.newberry.org/ahcb/pages/United_States.html","needsReview":false,"references":["Slade, William, Jr., comp. Vermont State Papers; Being a Collection of Records and Documents Connected with the Assumption and Establishment of Government by the People of Vermont, Together with the Journal of the Council of Safety, the First Constitution, the Early Journals of the General Assembly, and the Laws from the Year 1779 to 1786, Inclusive. Middlebury, 1823.","Van Zandt, Franklin K. Boundaries of the United States and the Several States. Geological Survey Professional Paper 909. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1976. The standard compilation for its subject.","Williamson, Chilton. Vermont in Quandary: 1763–1825. Growth of Vermont series, no. 4. Montpelier: Vermont Historical Society, 1949."],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"bc-1784-03-01-uf_terr","date":"1784-03-01","type":"border-change","title":"All of present Illinois became unorganized federal territory when Virginia…","summary":"All of present Illinois became unorganized federal territory when Virginia ceded its charter claims to the area to the United States. Other claims by Connecticut, Massachusetts, and New York to the area west of Pennsylvania were eliminated by 1786. Affected: Unorganized Federal Territory and Virginia.","reason":"cession","affectedFeatureIds":["uf_terr","va_state"],"citation":"Cappon, Petchenik, and Long, 62, 130-131; Hening, 11:571-575; Hening, 11:571-575","sourceUrl":"https://publications.newberry.org/ahcb/pages/United_States.html","needsReview":false,"references":["Cappon, Lester J., Barbara Bartz Petchenik, and John Hamilton Long, eds. Atlas of Early American History: The Revolutionary Era, 1760-1790. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1976. Section on boundaries is thoroughly documented.","Hening, William Waller, ed. Statutes at Large: Being a Collection of All the Laws of Virginia, From the First Session of the Legislature, in the Year 1619 [to 1792]. 13 vols. Richmond, 1819–1823."],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"bc-1786-09-14-uf_terr","date":"1786-09-14","type":"border-change","title":"The U.S. accepted Connecticut's cession of lands north and west of Pennsylvania…","summary":"Connecticut ceded to the United States its claim to lands north and west of Pennsylvania and the Ohio River, except for a tract, lying in the northeast corner of present Ohio, known as the Connecticut Western Reserve. The U.S. accepted Connecticut's cession of lands north and west of Pennsylvania and the Ohio River, except for a tract (Western Reserve) lying north of 41 degrees north latitude (Connecticut's southern line) and extending 120 miles west of Pennsylvania. Affected: Connecticut and Unorganized Federal Territory.","reason":"cession","affectedFeatureIds":["ct_state","uf_terr"],"citation":"Terr. Papers U.S., 2:24 n.62; Terr. Papers U.S., 2:24 n. 62","sourceUrl":"https://publications.newberry.org/ahcb/pages/United_States.html","needsReview":true,"references":["Territorial Papers of the United States. Vols. 1–26 edited by Clarence E. Carter; vols. 27–28 edited by John P. Bloom. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1934–1975. Cited as Terr. Papers U.S."],"reviewNotes":["Source description is truncated at 254 characters."]},{"id":"bc-1787-07-13-nw_terr","date":"1787-07-13","type":"border-change","title":"Northwest Territory created","summary":"The U.S. created the Territory of the United States Northwest of the River Ohio (Northwest Territory) from unorganized federal territory.","reason":"act of Congress","affectedFeatureIds":["nw_terr"],"citation":"Terr. Papers U.S., 2:39-50","sourceUrl":"https://publications.newberry.org/ahcb/pages/United_States.html","needsReview":false,"references":["Territorial Papers of the United States. Vols. 1–26 edited by Clarence E. Carter; vols. 27–28 edited by John P. Bloom. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1934–1975. Cited as Terr. Papers U.S."],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"bc-1788-07-27-nw_terr","date":"1788-07-27","type":"border-change","title":"Washington County created by the Northwest Territory from non-county area and…","summary":"Washington County created by the Northwest Territory from non-county area and part of the Western Reserve. This implicit challenge to Connecticut's authority in the Western Reserve went unanswered.","reason":"state law","affectedFeatureIds":["nw_terr"],"citation":"Terr. Papers U.S., 3:278-279; Chase, 3:ch. 330/p. 2096; Cappon, Petchenik, and Long, 92","sourceUrl":"https://publications.newberry.org/ahcb/pages/United_States.html","needsReview":false,"references":["Territorial Papers of the United States. Vols. 1–26 edited by Clarence E. Carter; vols. 27–28 edited by John P. Bloom. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1934–1975. Cited as Terr. Papers U.S.","Chase, Salmon P., ed. Statutes of Ohio and of the Northwestern Territory, Adopted or Enacted from 1788 to 1833 Inclusive: Together with the Ordinance of 1787; the Constitutions of Ohio and of the United States, and Various Public Instruments and Acts of Congress; Illustrated by a Preliminary Sketch of the History of Ohio; Numerous References and Notes, and Copious Indexes. 3 vols. Cincinnati, 1833-1835.","Cappon, Lester J., Barbara Bartz Petchenik, and John Hamilton Long, eds. Atlas of Early American History: The Revolutionary Era, 1760-1790. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1976. Section on boundaries is thoroughly documented."],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"bc-1790-04-02-nc_state","date":"1790-04-02","type":"border-change","title":"Congress accepted North Carolina's cession of its western lands (i.e. present…","summary":"Congress accepted North Carolina's cession of its western lands (i.e. present Tennessee). Affected: North Carolina and Unorganized Federal Territory.","reason":"cession","affectedFeatureIds":["nc_state","uf_terr"],"citation":"Terr. Papers U.S., 4:13-17; U.S. Stat., vol. 1, ch. 6[1790], pp. 106-109","sourceUrl":"https://publications.newberry.org/ahcb/pages/United_States.html","needsReview":false,"references":["Territorial Papers of the United States. Vols. 1–26 edited by Clarence E. Carter; vols. 27–28 edited by John P. Bloom. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1934–1975. Cited as Terr. Papers U.S."],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"bc-1790-05-26-sw_terr","date":"1790-05-26","type":"border-change","title":"Southwest Territory created","summary":"The United States created the Territory of the United States South of the River Ohio (Southwest Territory), covering the territory ceded in April 1790 by North Carolina (area of present Tennessee).","reason":"act of Congress","affectedFeatureIds":["sw_terr"],"citation":"Terr. Papers U.S., 4:18-19; U.S. Stat., vol. 1, ch. 14[1790], p. 123","sourceUrl":"https://publications.newberry.org/ahcb/pages/United_States.html","needsReview":false,"references":["Territorial Papers of the United States. Vols. 1–26 edited by Clarence E. Carter; vols. 27–28 edited by John P. Bloom. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1934–1975. Cited as Terr. Papers U.S."],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"bc-1791-03-04-vt_state","date":"1791-03-04","type":"border-change","title":"Vermont becomes a state","summary":"The state of Vermont was admitted to the Union. The boundary with New York was settled by a joint commission before statehood. Affected: Vermont and Vermont Republic.","reason":"statehood","affectedFeatureIds":["vt_republic","vt_state"],"citation":"Slade, 193; U.S. Stat., vol. 1, ch. 7 [1791]/p. 191","sourceUrl":"https://publications.newberry.org/ahcb/pages/United_States.html","needsReview":false,"references":["Slade, William, Jr., comp. Vermont State Papers; Being a Collection of Records and Documents Connected with the Assumption and Establishment of Government by the People of Vermont, Together with the Journal of the Council of Safety, the First Constitution, the Early Journals of the General Assembly, and the Laws from the Year 1779 to 1786, Inclusive. Middlebury, 1823."],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"bc-1791-03-30-dc","date":"1791-03-30","type":"border-change","title":"District of Columbia created","summary":"The United States created an unnamed district from land ceded by Maryland and Virginia to be the seat of national government. The United States created an unnamed federal district (now the District of Columbia) from Montgomery County and Prince Georges County in Maryland and from Fairfax County in Virginia to be the seat of the federal government. Affected: District of Columbia, Maryland, and Virginia.","reason":"cession","affectedFeatureIds":["dc","md_state","va_state"],"citation":"Richardson, 1:102; Van Zandt, 90; Richardson, 1:102; Van Zandt, 88, 90","sourceUrl":"https://publications.newberry.org/ahcb/pages/United_States.html","needsReview":false,"references":["Richardson, James D., comp. Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents, 1789–1897. 10 vols. 53d Congress, 2d sess., 1893–1894. House Misc. Doc. 210, in 10 parts. Reprint. N.p.: Johnson Reprint Corp., 1968.","Van Zandt, Franklin K. Boundaries of the United States and the Several States. Geological Survey Professional Paper 909. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1976. The standard compilation for its subject."],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"bc-1792-03-03-pa_state","date":"1792-03-03","type":"border-change","title":"Pennsylvania purchased from the federal government the Erie Triangle, a small…","summary":"Pennsylvania purchased from the federal government the Erie Triangle, a small area immediately north of Pennsylvania and west of New York, giving Pennsylvania an outlet to Lake Erie. Affected: Pennsylvania and Erie Triangle Unorganized Federal Territory.","reason":"purchase","affectedFeatureIds":["er_triangleuft","pa_state"],"citation":"Van Zandt, 83-84","sourceUrl":"https://publications.newberry.org/ahcb/pages/United_States.html","needsReview":false,"references":["Van Zandt, Franklin K. Boundaries of the United States and the Several States. Geological Survey Professional Paper 909. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1976. The standard compilation for its subject."],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"bc-1792-06-01-ky_state","date":"1792-06-01","type":"border-change","title":"Kentucky becomes a state","summary":"The state of Kentucky was created from the Kentucky District of Virginia. Affected: Kentucky and Virginia.","reason":"statehood","affectedFeatureIds":["ky_state","va_state"],"citation":"Hening, 11:85; U.S. Stat., 1:189; Hening, 11:85; U.S. Stat., vol. 1, ch. 4[1791]/p. 189","sourceUrl":"https://publications.newberry.org/ahcb/pages/United_States.html","needsReview":false,"references":["Hening, William Waller, ed. Statutes at Large: Being a Collection of All the Laws of Virginia, From the First Session of the Legislature, in the Year 1619 [to 1792]. 13 vols. Richmond, 1819–1823."],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"bc-1796-06-01-tn_state","date":"1796-06-01","type":"border-change","title":"Tennessee becomes a state","summary":"The state of Tennessee was created from the Territory of the United States South of the River Ohio (Southwest Territory); Southwest Territory eliminated. Affected: Tennessee and Southwest Territory.","reason":"statehood","affectedFeatureIds":["sw_terr","tn_state"],"citation":"U.S. Stat., vol. 1, ch. 47[1796], pp. 491-492; Folmsbee, Corlew, and Mitchell 110","sourceUrl":"https://publications.newberry.org/ahcb/pages/United_States.html","needsReview":false,"references":["Folmsbee, Stanley J., Robert E. Corlew, and Enoch L. Mitchell. Tennessee: A Short History. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1969."],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"bc-1796-08-15-nw_terr","date":"1796-08-15","type":"border-change","title":"Wayne County (Northwest Terr., extinct) created by the Northwest Territory from…","summary":"Wayne County (Northwest Terr., extinct) created by the Northwest Territory from Hamilton County (Ohio), Knox County (Ind.), and non-county area.","reason":"state law","affectedFeatureIds":["nw_terr"],"citation":"Terr. Papers U.S., 2:567-568, 3:447; Pence and Armstrong, 216","sourceUrl":"https://publications.newberry.org/ahcb/pages/United_States.html","needsReview":false,"references":["Territorial Papers of the United States. Vols. 1–26 edited by Clarence E. Carter; vols. 27–28 edited by John P. Bloom. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1934–1975. Cited as Terr. Papers U.S.","Pence, George, and Nellie C. Armstrong. Indiana Boundaries: Territory, State, and County. Indiana Historical Collections, vol. 19. Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Bureau, 1933."],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"bc-1798-04-07-ms_terr","date":"1798-04-07","type":"border-change","title":"Mississippi Territory created","summary":"The United States created Mississippi Territory. Georgia continued to claim this area under its colonial charter, and the federal act said that creation of the territory would not impair Georgia's claim. Affected: Georgia and Mississippi Territory.","reason":"act of Congress","affectedFeatureIds":["ga_state","ms_terr"],"citation":"U.S. Stat., 1:549-550","sourceUrl":"https://publications.newberry.org/ahcb/pages/United_States.html","needsReview":false,"references":[],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"bc-1800-04-28-ct_state","date":"1800-04-28","type":"border-change","title":"Connecticut ceded the Western Reserve in present Ohio to the United States, and…","summary":"Connecticut ceded the Western Reserve in present Ohio to the United States, and the area was incorporated into the Northwest Territory.","reason":"cession","affectedFeatureIds":["ct_state"],"citation":"Terr. Papers U.S., 3:84-86; U.S. Stat., vol. 2, ch. 38 [1800]/pp. 56-57","sourceUrl":"https://publications.newberry.org/ahcb/pages/United_States.html","needsReview":false,"references":["Territorial Papers of the United States. Vols. 1–26 edited by Clarence E. Carter; vols. 27–28 edited by John P. Bloom. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1934–1975. Cited as Terr. Papers U.S."],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"bc-1800-07-04-in_terr","date":"1800-07-04","type":"border-change","title":"Indiana Territory created","summary":"The United States created Indiana Territory from the Northwest Territory; included all of present Illinois and Wisconsin, most of present Indiana, and parts of present Michigan, Minnesota, and Ohio. Affected: Indiana Territory and Northwest Territory.","reason":"act of Congress","affectedFeatureIds":["in_terr","nw_terr"],"citation":"Terr. Papers U.S., 3:86-88; U.S. Stat., vol. 2, ch. 41 [1800]/pp. 58-59","sourceUrl":"https://publications.newberry.org/ahcb/pages/United_States.html","needsReview":false,"references":["Territorial Papers of the United States. Vols. 1–26 edited by Clarence E. Carter; vols. 27–28 edited by John P. Bloom. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1934–1975. Cited as Terr. Papers U.S."],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"bc-1802-04-24-uf_terr","date":"1802-04-24","type":"border-change","title":"Georgia ceded to the United States all territory south of North Carolina and…","summary":"Georgia ceded to the United States much of present Mississippi and Alabama. This area became unorganized federal territory and Georgia Western Lands were eliminated. Affected: Georgia and Unorganized Federal Territory.","reason":"cession","affectedFeatureIds":["ga_state","uf_terr"],"citation":"Paullin, 83; Van Zandt, 100; Terr. Papers U.S., 5:142-143; Paullin, 83; Van Zandt, 100; Terr Papers US, 5:142-143","sourceUrl":"https://publications.newberry.org/ahcb/pages/United_States.html","needsReview":false,"references":["Paullin, Charles O. Atlas of the Historical Geography of the United States. Edited by John K. Wright. Washington, D.C., and New York: Carnegie Institution of Washington and American Geographical Society of New York, 1932. Excellent section on international and interstate boundary disputes.","Van Zandt, Franklin K. Boundaries of the United States and the Several States. Geological Survey Professional Paper 909. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1976. The standard compilation for its subject.","Territorial Papers of the United States. Vols. 1–26 edited by Clarence E. Carter; vols. 27–28 edited by John P. Bloom. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1934–1975. Cited as Terr. Papers U.S."],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"bc-1803-03-01-oh_state","date":"1803-03-01","type":"border-change","title":"Ohio becomes a state","summary":"The state of Ohio was created from the Northwest Territory and Indiana Territory. Indiana Territory gained remainder of the former Northwest Territory in present Michigan and Indiana; Northwest Territory eliminated. Affected: Indiana Territory, Ohio, and Northwest Territory.","reason":"statehood","affectedFeatureIds":["in_terr","nw_terr","oh_state"],"citation":"Ind. Terr., Exec. Journal, 114-115; Pence and Armstrong, 218; U.S. Stat., vol. 2, ch. 40 [1802], secs. 1-3/pp. 173-174; Van Zandt, 112","sourceUrl":"https://publications.newberry.org/ahcb/pages/United_States.html","needsReview":false,"references":["Indiana Territory. Executive Journal of Indiana Territory, 1800–1816. Edited by William Wesley Woollen, Daniel Wait Howe, and Jacob Piatt Dunn. Indiana Historical Society Publications, vol. 3, no. 3. Indianapolis: Bowen-Merrill, 1900. Cited as Ind. Terr., Exec. Journal.","Pence, George, and Nellie C. Armstrong. Indiana Boundaries: Territory, State, and County. Indiana Historical Collections, vol. 19. Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Bureau, 1933.","Van Zandt, Franklin K. Boundaries of the United States and the Several States. Geological Survey Professional Paper 909. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1976. The standard compilation for its subject."],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"bc-1803-04-30-la_purchase","date":"1803-04-30","type":"border-change","title":"Louisiana Purchase","summary":"The United States purchased Louisiana from France, taking formal possession 20 December 1803; boundaries were not clearly defined but unquestionably included the western half of the Mississippi drainage basin.","reason":"purchase","affectedFeatureIds":["la_purchase"],"citation":"Cox, facing 2, 80-100; Parry, 57:27-40; Van Zandt, 23-26","sourceUrl":"https://publications.newberry.org/ahcb/pages/United_States.html","needsReview":true,"references":["Cox, Isaac Joslin. West Florida Controversy 1798-1813: A Study in American Diplomacy. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1918.","Parry, Clive, ed. Consolidated Treaty Series. 231 volumes. Dobbs Ferry, N.Y.: Oceana Publications, 1969–1981.","Van Zandt, Franklin K. Boundaries of the United States and the Several States. Geological Survey Professional Paper 909. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1976. The standard compilation for its subject."],"reviewNotes":["Source describes the date or extent as uncertain."]},{"id":"bc-1804-03-27-ms_terr","date":"1804-03-27","type":"border-change","title":"Mississippi Territory gained unorganized federal territory south of Tennessee…","summary":"Mississippi Territory gained unorganized federal territory south of Tennessee (northern portions of present Mississippi and Alabama).","reason":"act of Congress","affectedFeatureIds":["ms_terr"],"citation":"U.S. Stat., vol. 2, ch. 61[1804], sec. 7/p. 305","sourceUrl":"https://publications.newberry.org/ahcb/pages/United_States.html","needsReview":false,"references":[],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"bc-1804-10-01-ol_terr","date":"1804-10-01","type":"border-change","title":"District of Louisiana and Orleans Territory created","summary":"The United States created the District of Louisiana from the part of the Louisiana Purchase north of 33 degrees north latitude, the limit of the present state of Louisiana. The United States created Orleans Territory from that portion of Louisiana south of the parallel of 33 degrees north latitude, west of the Mississippi River, and south of Mississippi Territory east of the river. Affected: District of Louisiana, Orleans Territory, and Louisiana Purchase.","reason":"act of Congress","affectedFeatureIds":["la_district","la_purchase","ol_terr"],"citation":"Terr. Papers U.S., 13: 51-52; U.S. Stat., vol. 2, ch. 38 [1804]/pp. 283-289; Violette, 46-47; Terr. Papers U.S., 13: 51-52; U.S. Stat., vol. 2, ch. 38 [1804]/pp. 283-289; Van Zandt, 107; Violette, 46-47","sourceUrl":"https://publications.newberry.org/ahcb/pages/United_States.html","needsReview":false,"references":["Territorial Papers of the United States. Vols. 1–26 edited by Clarence E. Carter; vols. 27–28 edited by John P. Bloom. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1934–1975. Cited as Terr. Papers U.S.","Violette, Eugene Morrow. A History of Missouri. 1918. Reprint. Cape Girardeau: Ramfre Press, 1953.","Van Zandt, Franklin K. Boundaries of the United States and the Several States. Geological Survey Professional Paper 909. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1976. The standard compilation for its subject."],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"bc-1804-10-01-or_country","date":"1804-10-01","type":"border-change","title":"Based on American exploration of the Northwest, the United States claimed the…","summary":"Based on American exploration of the Northwest, the United States claimed the Oregon Country, an area west of the 1803 Louisiana Purchase that was not specifically defined.","reason":"claim","affectedFeatureIds":["or_country"],"citation":"Hayes, 97-100, 131-138; Paullin, 36-37, pl. 49","sourceUrl":"https://publications.newberry.org/ahcb/pages/United_States.html","needsReview":false,"references":["Hayes, Derek. Historical Atlas of British Columbia and the Pacific Northwest. Vancouver: Cavendish Books, 1999.","Paullin, Charles O. Atlas of the Historical Geography of the United States. Edited by John K. Wright. Washington, D.C., and New York: Carnegie Institution of Washington and American Geographical Society of New York, 1932. Excellent section on international and interstate boundary disputes."],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"bc-1804-10-01-ub_area","date":"1804-10-01","type":"border-change","title":"The boundary from Lake of the Woods to the Rocky Mtns. between the United…","summary":"The boundary from Lake of the Woods to the Rocky Mtns. between the United States and the British possessions was unsettled.","reason":"unclear from source","affectedFeatureIds":["ub_area"],"citation":"Paullin, 60, pl. 93; Van Zandt, 25-26","sourceUrl":"https://publications.newberry.org/ahcb/pages/United_States.html","needsReview":true,"references":["Paullin, Charles O. Atlas of the Historical Geography of the United States. Edited by John K. Wright. Washington, D.C., and New York: Carnegie Institution of Washington and American Geographical Society of New York, 1932. Excellent section on international and interstate boundary disputes.","Van Zandt, Franklin K. Boundaries of the United States and the Several States. Geological Survey Professional Paper 909. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1976. The standard compilation for its subject."],"reviewNotes":["Cause could not be determined from the source text.","Source describes the date or extent as uncertain."]},{"id":"bc-1804-12-31-ma_state","date":"1804-12-31","type":"border-change","title":"Massachusetts gained part of the town of Southwick (the \"Southwick Jog\") that…","summary":"Hartford County lost part of the town of Southwick (the \"Southwick Jog\") to Hampshire County (Mass.) when the state boundary was adjusted. Massachusetts gained part of the town of Southwick (the \"Southwick Jog\") that lay south of the Connecticut boundary and that had been annexed from Massachusetts in 1774. Affected: Connecticut and Massachusetts.","reason":"annexation","affectedFeatureIds":["ct_state","ma_state"],"citation":"Hooker, 25-26; Van Zandt, 69","sourceUrl":"https://publications.newberry.org/ahcb/pages/United_States.html","needsReview":false,"references":["Hooker, Roland Mather. Boundaries of Connecticut. Tercentenary Commission of the State of Connecticut, Committee on Historical Publications, Pamphlet 11. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1933.","Van Zandt, Franklin K. Boundaries of the United States and the Several States. Geological Survey Professional Paper 909. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1976. The standard compilation for its subject."],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"bc-1805-06-30-mi_terr","date":"1805-06-30","type":"border-change","title":"Michigan Territory created","summary":"The United States created Michigan Territory from Indiana Territory; Wayne County (Ind. Terr.) was effectively eliminated. The United States created Michigan Territory from Indiana Territory. Affected: Indiana Territory and Michigan Territory.","reason":"act of Congress","affectedFeatureIds":["in_terr","mi_terr"],"citation":"Terr. Papers U.S., 10:5-7; U.S. Stat., vol. 2, ch. 5 [1805]/pp. 309-310; \"Territorial Records,\" 118-121; Blume, 1:2-4; Terr. Papers U.S., 10:5-7; U.S. Stat., vol. 2, ch. 5 [1805]/pp. 309-310","sourceUrl":"https://publications.newberry.org/ahcb/pages/United_States.html","needsReview":false,"references":["Territorial Papers of the United States. Vols. 1–26 edited by Clarence E. Carter; vols. 27–28 edited by John P. Bloom. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1934–1975. Cited as Terr. Papers U.S.","\"Territorial Records, Copies of Papers at Washington, D.C.\" Michigan Pioneer and Historical Society, Historical Collections 36 (1908): 111–382.","Blume, William Wirt, ed. Transactions of the Supreme Court of the Territory of Michigan. 6 vols. Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan Press, 1935–1940."],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"bc-1805-07-04-la_terr","date":"1805-07-04","type":"border-change","title":"District of Louisiana renamed Louisiana Territory and detached from Indiana…","summary":"District of Louisiana renamed Louisiana Territory and detached from Indiana Territory; the territory included all of present Missouri. Affected: Louisiana Territory and District of Louisiana.","reason":"act of Congress","affectedFeatureIds":["la_district","la_terr"],"citation":"U.S. Stat., vol. 2, ch. 31[1805]/pp. 331-332","sourceUrl":"https://publications.newberry.org/ahcb/pages/United_States.html","needsReview":false,"references":[],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"bc-1809-03-01-il_terr","date":"1809-03-01","type":"border-change","title":"Illinois Territory created","summary":"The United States created Illinois Territory from Indiana Territory. Affected: Illinois Territory and Indiana Territory.","reason":"act of Congress","affectedFeatureIds":["il_terr","in_terr"],"citation":"U.S. Stat., vol. 2, ch 13 [1809], sec. 1/pp. 514-515; Terr. Papers U.S., 16:6-8; U.S. Stat., vol. 2, ch. 13 [1809], sec. 1/p. 514","sourceUrl":"https://publications.newberry.org/ahcb/pages/United_States.html","needsReview":false,"references":["Territorial Papers of the United States. Vols. 1–26 edited by Clarence E. Carter; vols. 27–28 edited by John P. Bloom. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1934–1975. Cited as Terr. Papers U.S."],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"bc-1812-04-30-la_state","date":"1812-04-30","type":"border-change","title":"Louisiana becomes a state","summary":"The State of Louisiana was created from Orleans Territory; Orleans Territory eliminated. The state of Louisiana was created from Orleans Territory; Orleans Territory eliminated. Affected: Louisiana, Mississippi Territory, and Orleans Territory.","reason":"statehood","affectedFeatureIds":["la_state","ms_terr","ol_terr"],"citation":"U.S. Stat., vol. 2, ch. 50 [1812]/pp. 701-704; Van Zandt, 107; U.S. Stat., vol. 2, ch. 50 [1812], secs. 1, 6/pp. 701, 704; ch. 57 [1812]/p. 708","sourceUrl":"https://publications.newberry.org/ahcb/pages/United_States.html","needsReview":false,"references":["Van Zandt, Franklin K. Boundaries of the United States and the Several States. Geological Survey Professional Paper 909. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1976. The standard compilation for its subject."],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"bc-1812-12-07-mo_terr","date":"1812-12-07","type":"border-change","title":"Louisiana Territory renamed Missouri Territory","summary":"Louisiana Territory renamed Missouri Territory. Affected: Missouri Territory and Louisiana Territory.","reason":"act of Congress","affectedFeatureIds":["la_terr","mo_terr"],"citation":"Terr. Papers U.S., 14:599-601; U.S. Stat., vol. 2, ch. 95[1812]/pp. 743-747","sourceUrl":"https://publications.newberry.org/ahcb/pages/United_States.html","needsReview":false,"references":["Territorial Papers of the United States. Vols. 1–26 edited by Clarence E. Carter; vols. 27–28 edited by John P. Bloom. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1934–1975. Cited as Terr. Papers U.S."],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"bc-1816-12-11-in_state","date":"1816-12-11","type":"border-change","title":"Indiana becomes a state","summary":"The state of Indiana created from Illinois, Indiana, and Michigan Territories; Edwards County exchanged small areas along the Wabash River with the state of Indiana, establishing the boundary between the present states of Illinois and Indiana. The state of Indiana was created from Indiana Territory and small parts of Illinois and Michigan Territories. Affected: Illinois Territory, Indiana, Michigan Territory, Unorganized Federal Territory, and Indiana Territory.","reason":"statehood","affectedFeatureIds":["il_terr","in_state","in_terr","mi_terr","uf_terr"],"citation":"U.S. Stat., vol. 3, ch. 57 [1816], secs. 1-2/pp. 289-291, and res. 1 [1816]/pp. 399-400; Van Zandt, 115; U.S. Stat., vol. 3, ch. 57 [1816], secs. 1-2/p. 289 and res. 1 [1816]/p. 399; Van Zandt, 115; U.S. Stat., vol. 3, ch. 57 [1816], secs. 1-2/p. 289, and res. 1 [1816]/p. 399; Van Zandt, 115","sourceUrl":"https://publications.newberry.org/ahcb/pages/United_States.html","needsReview":false,"references":["Van Zandt, Franklin K. Boundaries of the United States and the Several States. Geological Survey Professional Paper 909. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1976. The standard compilation for its subject."],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"bc-1817-03-03-al_terr","date":"1817-03-03","type":"border-change","title":"Alabama Territory created","summary":"The United States created Alabama Territory from the eastern half of Mississippi Territory. Affected: Alabama Territory and Mississippi Territory.","reason":"act of Congress","affectedFeatureIds":["al_terr","ms_terr"],"citation":"U.S. Stat., vol. 3, ch. 59 [1817], sec. 1/p. 371; U.S. Stat., vol. 3, ch. 58[1817], sec. 1/p. 371","sourceUrl":"https://publications.newberry.org/ahcb/pages/United_States.html","needsReview":false,"references":[],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"bc-1817-12-10-ms_state","date":"1817-12-10","type":"border-change","title":"Mississippi becomes a state","summary":"The state of Mississippi was created from Mississippi Territory; Mississippi Territory was eliminated. Affected: Mississippi and Mississippi Territory.","reason":"statehood","affectedFeatureIds":["ms_state","ms_terr"],"citation":"U.S. Stat., vol. 3, ch. 23[1817], secs. 1-2/p. 348 and res. 1[1817]/p. 472; Van Zandt, 105","sourceUrl":"https://publications.newberry.org/ahcb/pages/United_States.html","needsReview":false,"references":["Van Zandt, Franklin K. Boundaries of the United States and the Several States. Geological Survey Professional Paper 909. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1976. The standard compilation for its subject."],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"bc-1818-02-06-al_terr","date":"1818-02-06","type":"border-change","title":"Tuscaloosa County created by Alabama Territory from Montgomery County and…","summary":"Tuscaloosa County created by Alabama Territory from Montgomery County and Non-County Area 1; Tuscaloosa County overlapped non-county area in the state of Mississippi.","reason":"state law","affectedFeatureIds":["al_terr"],"citation":"Ala. Terr. Acts 1818, 1st sess., secs. 1-3/pp. 16-18","sourceUrl":"https://publications.newberry.org/ahcb/pages/United_States.html","needsReview":false,"references":["Alabama Territory. Acts of Alabama Territory. 1st and 2d sessions, January and November 1818. St. Stephens, Ala., 1818. Cited as Ala. Terr. Acts."],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"bc-1818-10-20-mo_terr","date":"1818-10-20","type":"border-change","title":"Area exchanged with British North America when a Convention of Commerce between…","summary":"Area exchanged with British North America when a Convention of Commerce between Great Britain and the United States established 49 degrees north latitude, from the Lake of the Woods to the Rocky Mtns., as the northern boundary of the United States. Affected: Missouri Territory and Uncertain Boundary Area.","reason":"treaty","affectedFeatureIds":["mo_terr","ub_area"],"citation":"Parry, 69: 294-297","sourceUrl":"https://publications.newberry.org/ahcb/pages/United_States.html","needsReview":false,"references":["Parry, Clive, ed. Consolidated Treaty Series. 231 volumes. Dobbs Ferry, N.Y.: Oceana Publications, 1969–1981."],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"bc-1818-12-03-il_state","date":"1818-12-03","type":"border-change","title":"Illinois becomes a state","summary":"The state of Illinois was created from Illinois Territory; Illinois Territory eliminated. The state of Illinois was created from Illinois Territory. Affected: Illinois, Michigan Territory, and Illinois Territory.","reason":"statehood","affectedFeatureIds":["il_state","il_terr","mi_terr"],"citation":"Terr. Papers U.S., 10:803; U.S. Stat., vol. 3, ch. 67 [1818], secs. 1-2, 7/pp. 428-429, 431, and res. 1 [1818]/p. 536; Terr. Papers U.S., 10:803; U.S. Stat., vol. 3, ch. 67 [1818], sec. 7/p. 431, and res. 1 [1818]/p. 536","sourceUrl":"https://publications.newberry.org/ahcb/pages/United_States.html","needsReview":false,"references":["Territorial Papers of the United States. Vols. 1–26 edited by Clarence E. Carter; vols. 27–28 edited by John P. Bloom. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1934–1975. Cited as Terr. Papers U.S."],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"bc-1819-02-22-fl_uft","date":"1819-02-22","type":"border-change","title":"Spain ceded East Florida and West Florida (i.e., all territory east of the…","summary":"Spain ceded East Florida and West Florida (i.e., all territory east of the Perdido River) to the United States. Exchange of ratifications was delayed until 21 February 1821.","reason":"treaty","affectedFeatureIds":["fl_uft"],"citation":"Fuller, 307, 323; Parry, 70:1-7; Swindler, 2:309; Van Zandt, 27","sourceUrl":"https://publications.newberry.org/ahcb/pages/United_States.html","needsReview":false,"references":["Fuller, Hubert Bruce. Purchase of Florida: Its History and Diplomacy. Cleveland: Burrows Brothers Co., 1906.","Parry, Clive, ed. Consolidated Treaty Series. 231 volumes. Dobbs Ferry, N.Y.: Oceana Publications, 1969–1981.","Swindler, William F., ed. Sources and Documents of United States Constitutions. 10 vols. Dobbs Ferry, N.Y.: Oceana Publications, 1973–1979. The most complete and up-to-date compilation for the states.","Van Zandt, Franklin K. Boundaries of the United States and the Several States. Geological Survey Professional Paper 909. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1976. The standard compilation for its subject."],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"bc-1819-02-22-mo_terr","date":"1819-02-22","type":"border-change","title":"Non-County Area exchanged with Spain as a result of the Adams-Onis Treaty with…","summary":"Non-County Area exchanged with Spain as a result of the Adams-Onis Treaty with Spain on 22 February 1819.","reason":"treaty","affectedFeatureIds":["mo_terr"],"citation":"Mo. Terr. Laws 1813-1814, ch. 99, sec. 1/pp. 293-295","sourceUrl":"https://publications.newberry.org/ahcb/pages/United_States.html","needsReview":false,"references":["Missouri Territory. Laws of the Territory of Missouri. St. Louis, 1813–1819. Cited as Mo. Terr. Laws."],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"bc-1819-06-01-mo_terr","date":"1819-06-01","type":"border-change","title":"Hempstead County created by Missouri Territory from Arkansas County and…","summary":"Hempstead County created by Missouri Territory from Arkansas County and non-county area. Uncertainty of boundary between Mexico and the U.S. resulted in competing claims to area in Texas.","reason":"state law","affectedFeatureIds":["mo_terr"],"citation":"Mo. Terr. Laws 1818-1819, ch. 232a, secs. 1-3/pp. 589-591","sourceUrl":"https://publications.newberry.org/ahcb/pages/United_States.html","needsReview":true,"references":["Missouri Territory. Laws of the Territory of Missouri. St. Louis, 1813–1819. Cited as Mo. Terr. Laws."],"reviewNotes":["Source describes the date or extent as uncertain."]},{"id":"bc-1819-07-04-ar_terr","date":"1819-07-04","type":"border-change","title":"Arkansas Territory created","summary":"The United States created Arkansas Territory from Missouri Territory. Arkansas Territory included all of present Arkansas and part of present Oklahoma. Affected: Arkansas Territory and Missouri Territory.","reason":"act of Congress","affectedFeatureIds":["ar_terr","mo_terr"],"citation":"U.S. Stat., vol. 3, ch. 49[1819]/pp. 493-496; Van Zandt, 118-119; U.S. Stat., vol. 3, ch. 49[1819]/pp. 493-496","sourceUrl":"https://publications.newberry.org/ahcb/pages/United_States.html","needsReview":true,"references":["Van Zandt, Franklin K. Boundaries of the United States and the Several States. Geological Survey Professional Paper 909. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1976. The standard compilation for its subject."],"reviewNotes":["Source describes the date or extent as uncertain."]},{"id":"bc-1819-12-14-al_state","date":"1819-12-14","type":"border-change","title":"Alabama becomes a state","summary":"The state of Alabama was created from Alabama Territory; Alabama Territory eliminated. Affected: Alabama and Alabama Territory.","reason":"statehood","affectedFeatureIds":["al_state","al_terr"],"citation":"U.S. Stat., vol. 3, ch. 47 [1819], secs. 1-3/pp. 489-492 and res. 1 [1819]/p. 608; Van Zandt, 108-109","sourceUrl":"https://publications.newberry.org/ahcb/pages/United_States.html","needsReview":false,"references":["Van Zandt, Franklin K. Boundaries of the United States and the Several States. Geological Survey Professional Paper 909. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1976. The standard compilation for its subject."],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"bc-1820-03-15-me_state","date":"1820-03-15","type":"border-change","title":"Maine becomes a state","summary":"Maine was separated from Massachusetts and admitted to the Union. Affected: Massachusetts and Maine.","reason":"statehood","affectedFeatureIds":["ma_state","me_state"],"citation":"U.S. Stat., vol. 3, ch. 19 [1820]/p. 544","sourceUrl":"https://publications.newberry.org/ahcb/pages/United_States.html","needsReview":false,"references":[],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"bc-1820-05-29-al_state","date":"1820-05-29","type":"border-change","title":"Surveyors demarcated the southern segment of the Alabama-Mississippi line…","summary":"Surveyors demarcated the southern segment of the Alabama-Mississippi line, fixing the end point ten miles east of the mouth of the Pascagoula River. Baldwin County, Mobile County, and Washington County lost to the state of Mississippi. Affected: Alabama and Mississippi.","reason":"boundary settlement","affectedFeatureIds":["al_state","ms_state"],"citation":"Van Zandt, 108-109","sourceUrl":"https://publications.newberry.org/ahcb/pages/United_States.html","needsReview":false,"references":["Van Zandt, Franklin K. Boundaries of the United States and the Several States. Geological Survey Professional Paper 909. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1976. The standard compilation for its subject."],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"bc-1820-12-19-al_state","date":"1820-12-19","type":"border-change","title":"Marion County's overlap of the state of Mississippi and Tuscaloosa County's…","summary":"Marion County's overlap of the state of Mississippi and Tuscaloosa County's overlap of the state of Mississippi ended.","reason":"state law","affectedFeatureIds":["al_state"],"citation":"Ala. Acts 1820, 2d sess., secs. 1, 9/pp. 90, 92","sourceUrl":"https://publications.newberry.org/ahcb/pages/United_States.html","needsReview":false,"references":["Alabama. Acts of Alabama. Tuscaloosa et al., 1819-. Cited as Ala. Acts."],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"bc-1821-08-10-mo_state","date":"1821-08-10","type":"border-change","title":"Missouri becomes a state","summary":"The state of Missouri was created from Missouri Territory, with all modern boundaries, except for the northwestern corner of the present state, which became unorganized federal territory. The state of Missouri was created from part of Missouri Territory; Missouri Territory eliminated and all that part of the former territory north and west of the state of Missouri became unorganized federal territory. Affected: Missouri, Unorganized Federal Territory, and Missouri Territory.","reason":"statehood","affectedFeatureIds":["mo_state","mo_terr","uf_terr"],"citation":"Terr. Papers U.S., 15:742-744; U.S. Stat., vol. 3, ch. 22[1820]/pp. 545-548; U.S. Stat., vol. 3, ch. 22[1820]/pp. 545-548 and res. 1[1821]/p. 645; Van Zandt, 117","sourceUrl":"https://publications.newberry.org/ahcb/pages/United_States.html","needsReview":false,"references":["Territorial Papers of the United States. Vols. 1–26 edited by Clarence E. Carter; vols. 27–28 edited by John P. Bloom. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1934–1975. Cited as Terr. Papers U.S.","Van Zandt, Franklin K. Boundaries of the United States and the Several States. Geological Survey Professional Paper 909. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1976. The standard compilation for its subject."],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"bc-1822-03-30-fl_terr","date":"1822-03-30","type":"border-change","title":"Florida Territory created","summary":"The United States created the Territory of Florida from the provinces of East and West Florida ceded by Spain to the United States. The territory had the same boundaries as the present state of Florida. Affected: Florida Territory and Florida Unorganized Federal Territory.","reason":"act of Congress","affectedFeatureIds":["fl_terr","fl_uft"],"citation":"Terr. Papers U.S., 22:389-399; U.S. Stat., vol. 3, ch. 13 [1822], sec. 1/p. 654","sourceUrl":"https://publications.newberry.org/ahcb/pages/United_States.html","needsReview":false,"references":["Territorial Papers of the United States. Vols. 1–26 edited by Clarence E. Carter; vols. 27–28 edited by John P. Bloom. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1934–1975. Cited as Terr. Papers U.S."],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"bc-1824-05-26-it_indianterr","date":"1824-05-26","type":"border-change","title":"Arkansas Territory was reduced in size when the western extent of the territory…","summary":"Arkansas Territory was reduced in size when the western extent of the territory was moved to a line running forty miles west of the southwest corner of Missouri. Unorganized federal territory in present Oklahoma became known as Indian Territory. Affected: Arkansas Territory, Indian Territory, and Unorganized Federal Territory.","reason":"act of Congress","affectedFeatureIds":["ar_terr","it_indianterr","uf_terr"],"citation":"U.S. Stat., vol. 4, ch. 155 [1824]/pp. 40-41; Morris, Goins, McReynolds, 21; Van Zandt, 119; U.S. Stat., vol. 4, ch. 155 [1824]/pp. 40-41; Gittinger, 13-17; Morris, Goins, McReynolds, 21; Van Zandt, 119; U.S. Stat., vol. 4, ch. 155 [1824]/pp. 40-41","sourceUrl":"https://publications.newberry.org/ahcb/pages/United_States.html","needsReview":false,"references":["Morris, John W., Charles R. Goins, and Edwin C. McReynolds. Historical Atlas of Oklahoma. 2nd ed. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1976.","Van Zandt, Franklin K. Boundaries of the United States and the Several States. Geological Survey Professional Paper 909. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1976. The standard compilation for its subject.","Gittinger, Roy. Formation of the State of Oklahoma: 1803–1906. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1939."],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"bc-1828-05-06-it_indianterr","date":"1828-05-06","type":"border-change","title":"Indian Territory gained from Arkansas Territory when the Treaty of Washington…","summary":"Clark County, Crawford County, Loveley County, and Miller County lost to Indian lands when the treaty between the United States and Cherokee Indians established the western line of Arkansas Territory north of Red River along the eastern line of the Choctaw Cession. Indian Territory gained from Arkansas Territory when the Treaty of Washington between the United States and Choctaw Indians definitively established the eastern line of the Choctaw Cession and affirmed Choctaw control of the area west of the line. Affected: Arkansas Territory and Indian Territory.","reason":"treaty","affectedFeatureIds":["ar_terr","it_indianterr"],"citation":"U.S. Stat., vol. 7, p. 311; Gabler, 37-39; Royce, 720-721; Van Zandt, 119","sourceUrl":"https://publications.newberry.org/ahcb/pages/United_States.html","needsReview":false,"references":["Gabler, Ina. “Lovely’s Purchase and Lovely County.” Arkansas Historical Quarterly 19 (Spring 1960): 31–39.","Royce, Charles C., comp. “Indian Land Cessions in the United States.” Part 2 of Eighteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology, 1896–1897. Washington, D.C., 1899. The standard authority in its field; state maps detail all Indian land-cession treaties with the federal government.","Van Zandt, Franklin K. Boundaries of the United States and the Several States. Geological Survey Professional Paper 909. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1976. The standard compilation for its subject."],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"bc-1834-06-28-mi_terr","date":"1834-06-28","type":"border-change","title":"Michigan Territory gained unorganized federal territory west of the Mississippi…","summary":"Michigan Territory gained unorganized federal territory west of the Mississippi River, north of the state of Missouri, and east of the Missouri and White Earth Rivers, including present Iowa and parts of present Minnesota and North and South Dakota. Unorganized federal territory lost to Michigan Territory. Affected: Michigan Territory and Unorganized Federal Territory.","reason":"act of Congress","affectedFeatureIds":["mi_terr","uf_terr"],"citation":"U.S. Stat., vol. 4, ch. 98 [1834]/p. 701; Terr. Papers U.S., 12:778-779; Terr. Papers U.S., 12: 778-779; U.S. Stat., vol. 4, ch. 98 [1834]/p. 701","sourceUrl":"https://publications.newberry.org/ahcb/pages/United_States.html","needsReview":false,"references":["Territorial Papers of the United States. Vols. 1–26 edited by Clarence E. Carter; vols. 27–28 edited by John P. Bloom. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1934–1975. Cited as Terr. Papers U.S."],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"bc-1836-03-02-tx_republic","date":"1836-03-02","type":"border-change","title":"Texas declared its independence from Mexico","summary":"Texas declared its independence from Mexico.","reason":"independence","affectedFeatureIds":["tx_republic"],"citation":"\"Republic of Texas,\" New Handbook of Texas, 5:537-538; Swindler, 9:247, 249","sourceUrl":"https://publications.newberry.org/ahcb/pages/United_States.html","needsReview":false,"references":["Swindler, William F., ed. Sources and Documents of United States Constitutions. 10 vols. Dobbs Ferry, N.Y.: Oceana Publications, 1973–1979. The most complete and up-to-date compilation for the states."],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"bc-1836-06-15-ar_state","date":"1836-06-15","type":"border-change","title":"Arkansas becomes a state","summary":"The state of Arkansas was created from Arkansas Territory; Arkansas Territory eliminated. Affected: Arkansas and Arkansas Territory.","reason":"statehood","affectedFeatureIds":["ar_state","ar_terr"],"citation":"U.S. Stat., vol. 5, chs. 100, 120 [1836]/pp. 50-52, 58-59; Swindler, 1: 342-344, 354-358; Van Zandt, 119","sourceUrl":"https://publications.newberry.org/ahcb/pages/United_States.html","needsReview":false,"references":["Swindler, William F., ed. Sources and Documents of United States Constitutions. 10 vols. Dobbs Ferry, N.Y.: Oceana Publications, 1973–1979. The most complete and up-to-date compilation for the states.","Van Zandt, Franklin K. Boundaries of the United States and the Several States. Geological Survey Professional Paper 909. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1976. The standard compilation for its subject."],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"bc-1836-07-03-wi_terr","date":"1836-07-03","type":"border-change","title":"Wisconsin Territory created","summary":"The United States created Wisconsin Territory from Michigan Territory. The United States created Wisconsin Territory from Michigan Territory; included all of present Wisconsin, Iowa, and Minnesota; and parts of present North and South Dakota. Affected: Michigan Territory and Wisconsin Territory.","reason":"act of Congress","affectedFeatureIds":["mi_terr","wi_terr"],"citation":"U.S. Stat., vol. 5, ch. 54 [1836], sec. 1/p. 10; Terr. Papers U.S., 27:41-52; Terr. Papers U.S., 27:41-52; U.S. Stat., vol. 5, ch. 54 [1836]/pp. 10-16","sourceUrl":"https://publications.newberry.org/ahcb/pages/United_States.html","needsReview":false,"references":["Territorial Papers of the United States. Vols. 1–26 edited by Clarence E. Carter; vols. 27–28 edited by John P. Bloom. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1934–1975. Cited as Terr. Papers U.S."],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"bc-1837-01-26-mi_state","date":"1837-01-26","type":"border-change","title":"Michigan becomes a state","summary":"The state of Michigan was created from Michigan Territory; boundary dispute with Ohio over the strip running from Indiana to Lake Erie was settled in favor of Ohio; Michigan Territory eliminated. Affected: Michigan and Michigan Territory.","reason":"statehood","affectedFeatureIds":["mi_state","mi_terr"],"citation":"U.S. Stat., vol. 5, ch. 99 [1836], secs. 1-2/p. 49 and ch. 6 [1837]/p. 144; Van Zandt, 127","sourceUrl":"https://publications.newberry.org/ahcb/pages/United_States.html","needsReview":false,"references":["Van Zandt, Franklin K. Boundaries of the United States and the Several States. Geological Survey Professional Paper 909. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1976. The standard compilation for its subject."],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"bc-1837-03-28-uf_terr","date":"1837-03-28","type":"border-change","title":"MO Non-County Area 28 created from unorganized federal territory, and attached…","summary":"The northwestern boundary of the state of Missouri was extended to the Missouri River, eliminating unorganized federal territory from Missouri. MO Non-County Area 28 created from unorganized federal territory, and attached to Clay County \"for civil and military purposes.\" MO Non-County Area 12 gained from unorganized federal territory. Affected: Missouri and Unorganized Federal Territory.","reason":"act of Congress","affectedFeatureIds":["mo_state","uf_terr"],"citation":"Mo. Laws 1836-1837, pub., p. 49; U.S. Stat., vol. 5, ch. 86[1836]/p. 34, and res. 2, p. 802","sourceUrl":"https://publications.newberry.org/ahcb/pages/United_States.html","needsReview":false,"references":["Missouri. Laws of Missouri. St. Louis, 1820–. Cited as Mo. Laws."],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"bc-1838-07-03-ia_terr","date":"1838-07-03","type":"border-change","title":"Iowa Territory created","summary":"The United States created Iowa Territory from Wisconsin Territory. The United States created Iowa Territory from Wisconsin Territory, encompassing all of Wisconsin Territory west of the Mississippi River. Affected: Iowa Territory and Wisconsin Territory.","reason":"act of Congress","affectedFeatureIds":["ia_terr","wi_terr"],"citation":"U.S. Stat., vol. 5, ch. 96[1838]/pp. 235-241; U.S. Stat., vol. 5, ch. 96 [1838]/pp. 235-241","sourceUrl":"https://publications.newberry.org/ahcb/pages/United_States.html","needsReview":false,"references":[],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"bc-1838-12-15-mo_state","date":"1838-12-15","type":"border-change","title":"Missouri legislature extended Clark County's boundary line north of the…","summary":"Missouri legislature extended Clark County's boundary line north of the commonly accepted boundary between Missouri and Iowa Territory (the Indian boundary line established in 1816); the extension overlapped Iowa's Van County BUREN.","reason":"state law","affectedFeatureIds":["mo_state"],"citation":"Mo. Laws 1838-1839, pub., p. 22","sourceUrl":"https://publications.newberry.org/ahcb/pages/United_States.html","needsReview":false,"references":["Missouri. Laws of Missouri. St. Louis, 1820–. Cited as Mo. Laws."],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"bc-1840-05-21-ar_state","date":"1840-05-21","type":"border-change","title":"Survey of boundary between the Republic of Texas and the United States began","summary":"Survey of boundary between the Republic of Texas and the United States began. Miller County (original) officially became extinct and Lafayette County was eliminated from Texas when Texas claims to the area were upheld.","reason":"claim","affectedFeatureIds":["ar_state"],"citation":"U.S. Stat., vol. 5, ch. 75 [1844]/p. 674; Marshall, 235-236","sourceUrl":"https://publications.newberry.org/ahcb/pages/United_States.html","needsReview":false,"references":["Marshall, Thomas Maitland. History of the Western Boundary of the Louisiana Purchase, 1819–1841. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1914."],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"bc-1845-03-03-fl_state","date":"1845-03-03","type":"border-change","title":"Florida becomes a state","summary":"The state of Florida was created from Florida Territory, with boundaries the same as those set in 1822; Florida Territory eliminated. Affected: Florida and Florida Territory.","reason":"statehood","affectedFeatureIds":["fl_state","fl_terr"],"citation":"Swindler, 2:332; U.S. Stat., vol. 5, ch. 48 [1845], secs. 1, 5/pp. 742-743","sourceUrl":"https://publications.newberry.org/ahcb/pages/United_States.html","needsReview":false,"references":["Swindler, William F., ed. Sources and Documents of United States Constitutions. 10 vols. Dobbs Ferry, N.Y.: Oceana Publications, 1973–1979. The most complete and up-to-date compilation for the states."],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"bc-1845-12-29-tx_state","date":"1845-12-29","type":"border-change","title":"Texas becomes a state","summary":"The state of Texas was admitted to the Union; Republic of Texas eliminated. Affected: Texas and Texas Republic.","reason":"statehood","affectedFeatureIds":["tx_republic","tx_state"],"citation":"Texas Repub. Laws 1845, 9th cong., spec. sess./pp. 4-6; U.S. Stat., vol. 9, res. 1 [1845]/p. 108; Van Zandt, 122","sourceUrl":"https://publications.newberry.org/ahcb/pages/United_States.html","needsReview":false,"references":["Republic of Texas. Laws of the Republic of Texas. Houston [et al.], 1838–1845. Title varies. Session laws of the Republic of Texas. Cited as Texas Repub. Laws.","Van Zandt, Franklin K. Boundaries of the United States and the Several States. Geological Survey Professional Paper 909. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1976. The standard compilation for its subject."],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"bc-1846-06-15-or_uft","date":"1846-06-15","type":"border-change","title":"The Oregon Boundary Treaty between the United States and Great Britain ended…","summary":"The Oregon Boundary Treaty between the United States and Great Britain ended joint occupancy of the Oregon Country. Affected: Oregon Unorganized Federal Territory and Oregon Country.","reason":"treaty","affectedFeatureIds":["or_country","or_uft"],"citation":"Hayes, 134, 171-174; Parry 100:40-42; Van Zandt, 18","sourceUrl":"https://publications.newberry.org/ahcb/pages/United_States.html","needsReview":false,"references":["Hayes, Derek. Historical Atlas of British Columbia and the Pacific Northwest. Vancouver: Cavendish Books, 1999.","Parry, Clive, ed. Consolidated Treaty Series. 231 volumes. Dobbs Ferry, N.Y.: Oceana Publications, 1969–1981.","Van Zandt, Franklin K. Boundaries of the United States and the Several States. Geological Survey Professional Paper 909. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1976. The standard compilation for its subject."],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"bc-1846-09-07-dc","date":"1846-09-07","type":"border-change","title":"The federal government retroceded to Virginia all of the District of Columbia…","summary":"The federal government retroceded to Virginia all of the District of Columbia west of the Potomac River, including all of Alexandria County (now Arlington County, Va.). Alexandria County eliminated from the District of Columbia. Affected: District of Columbia and Virginia.","reason":"cession","affectedFeatureIds":["dc","va_state"],"citation":"U.S. Stat., vol. 9, ch. 35 [1846]/pp. 35-37, and appendix 3/p. 1000; U.S. Stat., vol. 9, ch. 35[1846]/pp. 35-37 and appendix 3/p. 1000","sourceUrl":"https://publications.newberry.org/ahcb/pages/United_States.html","needsReview":false,"references":[],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"bc-1846-12-28-ia_state","date":"1846-12-28","type":"border-change","title":"Iowa becomes a state","summary":"The state of Iowa was created from Iowa Territory; Iowa Territory eliminated. The state of Iowa was created from Iowa Territory. Affected: Iowa, Unorganized Federal Territory, and Iowa Territory.","reason":"statehood","affectedFeatureIds":["ia_state","ia_terr","uf_terr"],"citation":"U.S. Stat., vol. 9, ch. 1[1847]/p. 117; U.S. Stat., vol. 9, ch. 1 [1847]/p. 117","sourceUrl":"https://publications.newberry.org/ahcb/pages/United_States.html","needsReview":false,"references":[],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"bc-1848-05-29-wi_state","date":"1848-05-29","type":"border-change","title":"Wisconsin becomes a state","summary":"The state of Wisconsin was created from Wisconsin Territory. The area in present Minnesota between the Mississippi River and the state of Wisconsin continued as de facto Wisconsin Territory until the creation of Minnesota Territory on 3 March 1849. Affected: Wisconsin, Wisconsin Territory De Facto, and Wisconsin Territory.","reason":"statehood","affectedFeatureIds":["wi_state","wi_terr","wi_terrdefacto"],"citation":"U.S. Stat., vol. 9, ch. 89 [1846]/pp. 56-58, and ch. 50 [1848]/pp. 233-235; Van Zandt, 128-130","sourceUrl":"https://publications.newberry.org/ahcb/pages/United_States.html","needsReview":false,"references":["Van Zandt, Franklin K. Boundaries of the United States and the Several States. Geological Survey Professional Paper 909. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1976. The standard compilation for its subject."],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"bc-1848-07-04-mx_cession","date":"1848-07-04","type":"border-change","title":"Mexican Cession","summary":"Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo ended the war between Mexico and the United States. Area ceded by Mexico became Unorganized Federal Territory (non-county area) in the United States.","reason":"treaty","affectedFeatureIds":["mx_cession"],"citation":"U.S. Stat., vol. 9, pp. 922-943; Parry, 102: 29-59; Van Zandt, 11, 28-29; Walker and Bufkin, 19, 20A","sourceUrl":"https://publications.newberry.org/ahcb/pages/United_States.html","needsReview":false,"references":["Parry, Clive, ed. Consolidated Treaty Series. 231 volumes. Dobbs Ferry, N.Y.: Oceana Publications, 1969–1981.","Van Zandt, Franklin K. Boundaries of the United States and the Several States. Geological Survey Professional Paper 909. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1976. The standard compilation for its subject.","Walker, Henry P., and Don Bufkin. Historical Atlas of Arizona. 2nd ed. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1986."],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"bc-1848-08-14-or_terr","date":"1848-08-14","type":"border-change","title":"Oregon Territory created","summary":"The United States created the Territory of Oregon, encompassing all of present Oregon, Washington, and Idaho, and parts of present Montana and Wyoming. Affected: Oregon Territory and Oregon Unorganized Federal Territory.","reason":"act of Congress","affectedFeatureIds":["or_terr","or_uft"],"citation":"U.S. Stat., vol. 9, ch. 67[1848]/pp.323-331; Van Zandt, p. 153","sourceUrl":"https://publications.newberry.org/ahcb/pages/United_States.html","needsReview":false,"references":["Van Zandt, Franklin K. Boundaries of the United States and the Several States. Geological Survey Professional Paper 909. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1976. The standard compilation for its subject."],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"bc-1849-02-13-mo_state","date":"1849-02-13","type":"border-change","title":"U.S. Supreme Court settled boundary dispute between Iowa and Missouri by…","summary":"U.S. Supreme Court settled boundary dispute between Iowa and Missouri by rejecting both states' claims, choosing instead the commonly accepted boundary before the dispute arose and the present boundary between the two states.","reason":"court decision","affectedFeatureIds":["mo_state"],"citation":"Landers. 647-648; Thomas 269-270","sourceUrl":"https://publications.newberry.org/ahcb/pages/United_States.html","needsReview":false,"references":["Landers, Frank E. “The Southern Boundary of Iowa.” Annals of Iowa, 3d ser., 1 (1893–1895): 641–651.","Thomas, John L. “Some Historic Lines in Missouri.” Missouri Historical Review 3 (1908–1909): 5–33, 210–233, 251–274."],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"bc-1849-03-03-mn_terr","date":"1849-03-03","type":"border-change","title":"Minnesota Territory created","summary":"The United States created Minnesota Territory from unorganized federal territory west of the Mississippi River (formerly part of Iowa Territory) and de facto Wisconsin Territory. Unorganized federal territory lost to creation of Minnesota Territory; all of present North and South Dakota west of the Missouri and White Earth Rivers remained unorganized federal territory. Affected: Minnesota Territory, Unorganized Federal Territory, and Wisconsin Territory De Facto.","reason":"act of Congress","affectedFeatureIds":["mn_terr","uf_terr","wi_terrdefacto"],"citation":"U.S. Stat., vol. 9, ch. 121 [1849]/pp. 403-409; U.S. Stat., vol. 9, ch. 121[1849]/pp. 403-409; Van Zandt, 133","sourceUrl":"https://publications.newberry.org/ahcb/pages/United_States.html","needsReview":false,"references":["Van Zandt, Franklin K. Boundaries of the United States and the Several States. Geological Survey Professional Paper 909. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1976. The standard compilation for its subject."],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"bc-1849-07-02-ds_deseret","date":"1849-07-02","type":"border-change","title":"The General Assembly of the newly proposed state of Deseret met on 2 Jul 1849","summary":"The General Assembly of the newly proposed state of Deseret met on 2 Jul 1849. The state was to include almost all of Utah and parts of present Ariz., Cal., Colo., Ida., Nev., N.Mex., Ore., and Wyo., but proposal never gained support in U.S. Congress.","reason":"unclear from source","affectedFeatureIds":["ds_deseret"],"citation":"Atlas of Utah, 160-161; Brown, Cannon, and Jackson, 90-91; Swindler, 9:375-381","sourceUrl":"https://publications.newberry.org/ahcb/pages/United_States.html","needsReview":true,"references":["Atlas of Utah. Deon C. Greer, project director. Provo: Weber State College and Brigham Young University Press, 1981.","Brown, S. Kent, Donald Q. Cannon, and Richard H. Jackson. Historical Atlas of Mormonism. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1994.","Swindler, William F., ed. Sources and Documents of United States Constitutions. 10 vols. Dobbs Ferry, N.Y.: Oceana Publications, 1973–1979. The most complete and up-to-date compilation for the states."],"reviewNotes":["Cause could not be determined from the source text.","Source description is truncated at 254 characters."]},{"id":"bc-1850-09-09-ca_state","date":"1850-09-09","type":"border-change","title":"California becomes a state","summary":"The state of California was admitted to the Union.","reason":"statehood","affectedFeatureIds":["ca_state"],"citation":"U.S. Stat., vol. 9, ch. 50[1850], pp. 452-453; Van Zandt, 151","sourceUrl":"https://publications.newberry.org/ahcb/pages/United_States.html","needsReview":false,"references":["Van Zandt, Franklin K. Boundaries of the United States and the Several States. Geological Survey Professional Paper 909. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1976. The standard compilation for its subject."],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"bc-1850-09-09-ut_terr","date":"1850-09-09","type":"border-change","title":"Utah Territory created","summary":"The United States created Utah Territory from the territory ceded by Mexico in the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo (1848), from territory to be purchased from the state of Texas in December 1850, and from unorganized federal territory. Unorganized federal territory lost to creation of Utah Territory. Affected: Mexican Cession, Unorganized Federal Territory, and Utah Territory.","reason":"act of Congress","affectedFeatureIds":["mx_cession","uf_terr","ut_terr"],"citation":"U.S. Stat., vol. 9, ch. 49[1850]/pp. 446-452 and ch. 51[1850]/pp. 453-458; Van Zandt, 159; U.S. Stat., vol. 9, ch. 51[1850]/pp. 453-458; Van Zandt, 159","sourceUrl":"https://publications.newberry.org/ahcb/pages/United_States.html","needsReview":false,"references":["Van Zandt, Franklin K. Boundaries of the United States and the Several States. Geological Survey Professional Paper 909. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1976. The standard compilation for its subject."],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"bc-1850-12-13-nm_terr","date":"1850-12-13","type":"border-change","title":"New Mexico Territory created","summary":"The United States created New Mexico Territory from Unorganized Federal Territory (land ceded by Mexico to the United States in the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo) and from territory purchased from the state of Texas. State of Texas sold land in present Colorado, Kansas, New Mexico, Oklahoma, and Wyoming to the United States. Affected: New Mexico Territory, Texas, Unorganized Federal Territory, and Mexican Cession.","reason":"act of Congress","affectedFeatureIds":["mx_cession","nm_terr","tx_state","uf_terr"],"citation":"U.S. Stat., vol. 9, ch. 49[1850]/pp. 446-452; Baldwin, 117-137; Coffey, 145-164; Van Zandt, 28-29, 162-165; U.S. Stat., vol. 9, ch. 49 [1850]/pp. 446-452 and appendix, sec. 10/pp. 1005-1006; Texas Laws 1850, 3d leg., 3d sess., ch. 2/p. 4; Van Zandt, 122","sourceUrl":"https://publications.newberry.org/ahcb/pages/United_States.html","needsReview":false,"references":["Baldwin, P.M. “A Historical Note on the Boundaries of New Mexico.” New Mexico Historical Review 5 (April 1930): 117–137.","Coffey, Frederic A. “Some General Aspects of the Gadsden Treaty.” New Mexico Historical Review 8:3 (July 1933): 145–164.","Van Zandt, Franklin K. Boundaries of the United States and the Several States. Geological Survey Professional Paper 909. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1976. The standard compilation for its subject.","Texas. Laws of the State of Texas. Austin [et al.], 1846–. Title varies. The session laws of the state of Texas. Cited as Texas Laws."],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"bc-1851-04-05-ds_deseret-ends","date":"1851-04-05","type":"border-change","affectedFeatureIds":["ds_deseret"],"references":[],"title":"Deseret ends","summary":"The source data shows Deseret ending on this date but does not describe why.","reason":"unclear from source","citation":"","sourceUrl":"https://publications.newberry.org/ahcb/pages/United_States.html","needsReview":true,"reviewNotes":["Only an ending is recorded on this date; the source gives no description of the change."]},{"id":"bc-1853-03-02-wa_terr","date":"1853-03-02","type":"border-change","title":"Washington Territory created","summary":"The United States created Washington Territory from Oregon Territory. The United States created Washington Territory from Oregon Territory; included all of present Washington and parts of present Idaho and Montana. Affected: Oregon Territory and Washington Territory.","reason":"act of Congress","affectedFeatureIds":["or_terr","wa_terr"],"citation":"U.S. Stat., vol. 10. ch. 90[1853]/pp. 172-173; Van Zandt, 155; Van Zandt, 155","sourceUrl":"https://publications.newberry.org/ahcb/pages/United_States.html","needsReview":false,"references":["Van Zandt, Franklin K. Boundaries of the United States and the Several States. Geological Survey Professional Paper 909. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1976. The standard compilation for its subject."],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"bc-1853-12-30-gd_purchase","date":"1853-12-30","type":"border-change","title":"Gadsden Purchase","summary":"Gadsden Purchase settled the boundary dispute between the United States and Mexico and established the international line at its present location.","reason":"purchase","affectedFeatureIds":["gd_purchase"],"citation":"U.S. Stat., vol. 10, pp. 1031-1037; Van Zandt, 11, 29, 162","sourceUrl":"https://publications.newberry.org/ahcb/pages/United_States.html","needsReview":false,"references":["Van Zandt, Franklin K. Boundaries of the United States and the Several States. Geological Survey Professional Paper 909. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1976. The standard compilation for its subject."],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"bc-1854-05-30-ne_terr","date":"1854-05-30","type":"border-change","title":"Kansas Territory and Nebraska Territory created","summary":"The United States created Kansas Territory from unorganized federal territory; included all of present Kansas and part of present Colorado. The United States created Nebraska Territory from unorganized federal territory. Affected: Kansas Territory, Nebraska Territory, and Unorganized Federal Territory.","reason":"act of Congress","affectedFeatureIds":["ks_terr","ne_terr","uf_terr"],"citation":"Van Zandt, 138-139; U.S. Stat., vol. 10, ch. 59[1854]/p. 277; Van Zandt, 136-137","sourceUrl":"https://publications.newberry.org/ahcb/pages/United_States.html","needsReview":false,"references":["Van Zandt, Franklin K. Boundaries of the United States and the Several States. Geological Survey Professional Paper 909. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1976. The standard compilation for its subject."],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"bc-1854-08-04-nm_terr","date":"1854-08-04","type":"border-change","title":"The territory acquired by the United States in the Gadsden Purchase was…","summary":"The territory acquired by the United States in the Gadsden Purchase was officially added to New Mexico Territory. Affected: New Mexico Territory and Gadsden Purchase.","reason":"act of Congress","affectedFeatureIds":["gd_purchase","nm_terr"],"citation":"U.S. Stat., vol. 10, ch. 245[1854]/p. 575; Van Zandt, 162; Walker and Bufkin, 21-22","sourceUrl":"https://publications.newberry.org/ahcb/pages/United_States.html","needsReview":false,"references":["Van Zandt, Franklin K. Boundaries of the United States and the Several States. Geological Survey Professional Paper 909. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1976. The standard compilation for its subject.","Walker, Henry P., and Don Bufkin. Historical Atlas of Arizona. 2nd ed. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1986."],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"bc-1855-01-11-ma_state","date":"1855-01-11","type":"border-change","title":"New York acquired the southwestern corner of Massachusetts, known as Boston…","summary":"New York acquired the southwestern corner of Massachusetts, known as Boston Corner. New York acquired the southwestern corner of Massachusetts (Boston Corner). Affected: Massachusetts and New York.","reason":"unclear from source","affectedFeatureIds":["ma_state","ny_state"],"citation":"Pratt, 2:223; Van Zandt, 70, 76","sourceUrl":"https://publications.newberry.org/ahcb/pages/United_States.html","needsReview":true,"references":["Pratt, Daniel J., comp. Report of the Regents of the University on the Boundaries of the State of New York. N.Y. Sen. Doc. no. 108, 1873, and N.Y. Sen. Doc. no. 61, 1877. 2 vols. Albany, 1874–1884.","Van Zandt, Franklin K. Boundaries of the United States and the Several States. Geological Survey Professional Paper 909. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1976. The standard compilation for its subject."],"reviewNotes":["Cause could not be determined from the source text."]},{"id":"bc-1858-05-11-mn_state","date":"1858-05-11","type":"border-change","title":"Minnesota becomes a state","summary":"The state of Minnesota was created from Minnesota Territory; Minnesota Territory eliminated. The remainder of Minnesota Territory (west of the present state boundary) became unorganized federal territory. Affected: Minnesota, Unorganized Federal Territory, and Minnesota Territory.","reason":"statehood","affectedFeatureIds":["mn_state","mn_terr","uf_terr"],"citation":"Schell, 72-77; U.S. Stat., vol. 11, ch. 60 [1857]/pp. 166-167 and ch. 31 [1858]/p. 285; U.S. Stat., vol. 11, ch. 60[1857]/pp. 166-167 and ch. 31[1858]/p. 285; Schell, 72-77; Van Zandt, 133","sourceUrl":"https://publications.newberry.org/ahcb/pages/United_States.html","needsReview":false,"references":["Schell, Herbert S. History of South Dakota. 2d ed. Lincoln, Neb.: University of Nebraska Press, 1968.","Van Zandt, Franklin K. Boundaries of the United States and the Several States. Geological Survey Professional Paper 909. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1976. The standard compilation for its subject."],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"bc-1859-02-14-or_state","date":"1859-02-14","type":"border-change","title":"Oregon becomes a state","summary":"The state of Oregon was created from Oregon Territory; Oregon Territory eliminated. Washington Territory gained non-county area when the state of Oregon was created from Oregon Territory. Affected: Oregon, Washington Territory, and Oregon Territory.","reason":"statehood","affectedFeatureIds":["or_state","or_terr","wa_terr"],"citation":"U.S. Stat., vol. 11, ch. 33[1859], secs. 1-2/pp. 383-384; Ore. Laws 1860, 1st reg. sess., pp. 28-30; Ore. Laws 1860, 1st reg. sess., pp. 28-30; Van Zandt, p. 155","sourceUrl":"https://publications.newberry.org/ahcb/pages/United_States.html","needsReview":false,"references":["Oregon. Oregon Laws. Salem, 1860–. Cited as Ore. Laws.","Van Zandt, Franklin K. Boundaries of the United States and the Several States. Geological Survey Professional Paper 909. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1976. The standard compilation for its subject."],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"bc-1859-11-30-ky_state","date":"1859-11-30","type":"border-change","title":"Robertson County (Tenn.) and Sumner County (Tenn.) gained from Simpson County…","summary":"Robertson County (Tenn.) and Sumner County (Tenn.) gained from Simpson County (Ky.) when surveyors re-marking the Kentucky-Tennessee boundary acted without authority and shifted the line around two small parcels. Robertson County (Tenn.) and Sumner County (Tenn.) gained from Simpson County (Ky.) when surveyors remarking the Kentucky-Tennessee boundary acted without authority and shifted the line around two small parcels. Affected: Kentucky and Tennessee.","reason":"unclear from source","affectedFeatureIds":["ky_state","tn_state"],"citation":"Sames, 107, 114","sourceUrl":"https://publications.newberry.org/ahcb/pages/United_States.html","needsReview":true,"references":["Sames, James W. III, comp. Four Steps West: A Documentary Concerning the First Dividing Line in America, and Its Three Extensions, between Virginia and North Carolina, Kentucky and Tennessee. Versailles, Ky., 1971."],"reviewNotes":["Cause could not be determined from the source text."]},{"id":"bc-1861-01-29-ks_state","date":"1861-01-29","type":"border-change","title":"Kansas becomes a state","summary":"The state of Kansas was created from Kansas Territory; Kansas Territory eliminated. Area within present Colorado that had been part of Kansas Terr. temporarily reverted to unorganized federal territory until official creation of Colorado Terr. on 28 Feb 1861. Affected: Kansas, Unorganized Federal Territory, and Kansas Territory.","reason":"statehood","affectedFeatureIds":["ks_state","ks_terr","uf_terr"],"citation":"U.S. Stat., vol. 12, ch. 20 [1861]/pp. 126-128; Van Zandt, 138-139","sourceUrl":"https://publications.newberry.org/ahcb/pages/United_States.html","needsReview":true,"references":["Van Zandt, Franklin K. Boundaries of the United States and the Several States. Geological Survey Professional Paper 909. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1976. The standard compilation for its subject."],"reviewNotes":["Source description is truncated at 254 characters."]},{"id":"bc-1861-02-28-co_terr","date":"1861-02-28","type":"border-change","title":"Colorado Territory created","summary":"The United States created Colorado Territory from Nebraska, New Mexico, and Utah Territories, and from the former Kansas Territory. Nebraska Territory lost to creation of Colorado Territory; Nebraska Territory included all of present Nebraska and parts of present Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, and Wyoming. Affected: Colorado Territory, Nebraska Territory, New Mexico Territory, Unorganized Federal Territory, and Utah Territory.","reason":"act of Congress","affectedFeatureIds":["co_terr","ne_terr","nm_terr","uf_terr","ut_terr"],"citation":"U.S. Stat., vol. 12, ch. 59[1861]/pp. 172-177; Van Zandt, 141; U.S. Stat., vol. 12, ch. 59[1861]/pp. 172-177; Van Zandt, 136-137; U.S. Stat., vol. 12, pp. 172-177; Van Zandt, 141-144; U.S. Stat., vol. 12, ch. 59[1861]/pp. 172-177; Van Zandt, 141; Noel, Mahoney, and Stevens, Historical Atlas of Colorado, ch. 2, sec. 12","sourceUrl":"https://publications.newberry.org/ahcb/pages/United_States.html","needsReview":false,"references":["Van Zandt, Franklin K. Boundaries of the United States and the Several States. Geological Survey Professional Paper 909. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1976. The standard compilation for its subject.","Noel, Thomas J., Paul F. Mahoney, and Richard E. Stevens. Historical Atlas of Colorado. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1994."],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"bc-1861-03-02-dk_terr","date":"1861-03-02","type":"border-change","title":"Dakota Territory and Nevada Territory created","summary":"The United States created Dakota Territory from Nebraska Territory and unorganized federal territory; included all of present North Dakota, South Dakota, and parts of present Montana, Nebraska and Wyoming. Nebraska Territory gained from Utah and Washington Territories, lost to creation of Dakota Territory. Affected: Dakota Territory, Nebraska Territory, Nevada Territory, Unorganized Federal Territory, Utah Territory, and Washington Territory.","reason":"act of Congress","affectedFeatureIds":["dk_terr","ne_terr","nv_terr","uf_terr","ut_terr","wa_terr"],"citation":"Dak. Terr. Laws 1862, 1st sess., pp. 21-28; U.S. Stat., vol. 12, ch. 86[1861]/pp. 239-244; Van Zandt, 134, 136-137; Dak. Terr. Laws 1862, 1st sess., pp. 21-28; U.S. Stat., vol. 12, ch. 86[1861]/pp. 239-244; Van Zandt, 134, 136; U.S. Stat., vol. 12, ch. 83[1861], pp. 209-210; Van Zandt, 158-160; U.S. Stat., vol. 12, ch. 83[1861], pp. 209-210 and ch. 86[1861], pp. 239-244; Van Zandt, 134, 136-137, 158-160; U.S. Stat., vol. 12, ch. 86 [1861]/pp. 239-244; Van Zandt, 134, 136-137","sourceUrl":"https://publications.newberry.org/ahcb/pages/United_States.html","needsReview":false,"references":["Dakota Territory. Laws of the Territory of Dakota. Yankton, Bismarck, and Grand Forks, 1862–1889. Cited as Dak. Terr. Laws.","Van Zandt, Franklin K. Boundaries of the United States and the Several States. Geological Survey Professional Paper 909. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1976. The standard compilation for its subject."],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"bc-1862-03-01-ma_state","date":"1862-03-01","type":"border-change","title":"Bristol County gained from Newport County (R.I.) and lost to Providence County…","summary":"Bristol County gained from Newport County (R.I.) and lost to Providence County (R.I.) when Massachusetts and Rhode Island implemented the U.S. Supreme Court settlement (31 December 1861) of their boundary to the Atlantic Ocean.","reason":"court decision","affectedFeatureIds":["ma_state"],"citation":"Bayles, Providence, 1:29; R.I. Acts 1861, ch. 379/pp. 4-6; Ullman, 83-84; Van Zandt, 68","sourceUrl":"https://publications.newberry.org/ahcb/pages/United_States.html","needsReview":false,"references":["Bayles, Richard M., ed. History of Providence County, Rhode Island. 2 vols. New York, 1891.","Rhode Island. Acts and Resolves of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations. Providence, 1776–. Cited as R.I. Acts & Resolves.","Ullman, Edward L. \"Historical Geography of the Eastern Boundary of Rhode Island.\" Research Studies of the State College of Washington 4, no. 2 (1936): 67–87.","Van Zandt, Franklin K. Boundaries of the United States and the Several States. Geological Survey Professional Paper 909. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1976. The standard compilation for its subject."],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"bc-1862-03-01-ri_state","date":"1862-03-01","type":"border-change","title":"Newport County lost to Bristol County (Mass.) and Providence County gained from…","summary":"Newport County lost to Bristol County (Mass.) and Providence County gained from Bristol County (Mass.) when Massachusetts and Rhode Island implemented the U. S. Supreme Court settlement (31 December 1861) of their boundary to the Atlantic Ocean.","reason":"court decision","affectedFeatureIds":["ri_state"],"citation":"Bayles, Providence, 1:29; R.I. Acts and Resolves, 1861, ch. 379, sec. 2/p. 4; Ullman, 83-84; Van Zandt, 68","sourceUrl":"https://publications.newberry.org/ahcb/pages/United_States.html","needsReview":false,"references":["Bayles, Richard M., ed. History of Providence County, Rhode Island. 2 vols. New York, 1891.","Ullman, Edward L. \"Historical Geography of the Eastern Boundary of Rhode Island.\" Research Studies of the State College of Washington 4, no. 2 (1936): 67–87.","Van Zandt, Franklin K. Boundaries of the United States and the Several States. Geological Survey Professional Paper 909. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1976. The standard compilation for its subject."],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"bc-1862-07-14-nv_terr","date":"1862-07-14","type":"border-change","title":"Nevada Territory gained from Utah Territory","summary":"Nevada Territory gained from Utah Territory. Affected: Nevada Territory and Utah Territory.","reason":"act of Congress","affectedFeatureIds":["nv_terr","ut_terr"],"citation":"U.S. Stat., vol. 12, ch. 173 [1862], p. 575; Van Zandt, 158-160","sourceUrl":"https://publications.newberry.org/ahcb/pages/United_States.html","needsReview":false,"references":["Van Zandt, Franklin K. Boundaries of the United States and the Several States. Geological Survey Professional Paper 909. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1976. The standard compilation for its subject."],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"bc-1863-02-24-az_terr","date":"1863-02-24","type":"border-change","title":"Arizona Territory created","summary":"The United States created Arizona Territory from the western portion of New Mexico Territory and a part of present Nevada. The United States created Arizona Territory from New Mexico Territory. Affected: Arizona Territory and New Mexico Territory.","reason":"act of Congress","affectedFeatureIds":["az_terr","nm_terr"],"citation":"U.S. Stat., vol. 12, ch. 56[1863]/pp. 664-665; Ariz. Terr. Laws 1864, 1st assy./ pp. vii-viii; Van Zandt, 162; U.S. Stat., vol. 12, pp. 664-665; Van Zandt, 165","sourceUrl":"https://publications.newberry.org/ahcb/pages/United_States.html","needsReview":false,"references":["Arizona Territory. Acts, Resolutions and Memorials of the Territory of Arizona. Prescott, Tucson [et al.], 1864–1909. Title varies. The session laws for the territory of Arizona. Cited as Ariz. Terr. Laws.","Van Zandt, Franklin K. Boundaries of the United States and the Several States. Geological Survey Professional Paper 909. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1976. The standard compilation for its subject."],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"bc-1863-03-03-id_terr","date":"1863-03-03","type":"border-change","title":"Idaho Territory created","summary":"The United States created Idaho Territory from Dakota, Nebraska, and Washington Territories. Dakota Territory was reduced to the area of present North Dakota and South Dakota, plus a small area of present Nebraska. Affected: Dakota Territory, Idaho Territory, Nebraska Territory, and Washington Territory.","reason":"act of Congress","affectedFeatureIds":["dk_terr","id_terr","ne_terr","wa_terr"],"citation":"U.S. Stat., vol. 12, ch. 117[1863], sec. 1/p. 808; Van Zandt, 134-136, 156-157; U.S. Stat., vol. 12, ch. 117 [1863]/pp. 808-814; Van Zandt, 156-158; U.S. Stat., vol. 12, ch. 117[1863]/pp. 808-814; Van Zandt, 156","sourceUrl":"https://publications.newberry.org/ahcb/pages/United_States.html","needsReview":false,"references":["Van Zandt, Franklin K. Boundaries of the United States and the Several States. Geological Survey Professional Paper 909. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1976. The standard compilation for its subject."],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"bc-1863-06-20-wv_state","date":"1863-06-20","type":"border-change","title":"West Virginia becomes a state","summary":"The state of West Virginia was formally separated from Virginia and admitted to the Union. Most of West Virginia had been effectively independent of Virginia since June 1861. Affected: Virginia and West Virginia.","reason":"statehood","affectedFeatureIds":["va_state","wv_state"],"citation":"Swindler, 10:363","sourceUrl":"https://publications.newberry.org/ahcb/pages/United_States.html","needsReview":false,"references":["Swindler, William F., ed. Sources and Documents of United States Constitutions. 10 vols. Dobbs Ferry, N.Y.: Oceana Publications, 1973–1979. The most complete and up-to-date compilation for the states."],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"bc-1863-08-05-wv_state","date":"1863-08-05","type":"border-change","title":"Berkeley County was separated from Virginia and became a county in the state of…","summary":"Virginia lost Berkeley County (W.Va.) to West Virginia. Berkeley County was separated from Virginia and became a county in the state of West Virginia. Affected: Virginia and West Virginia.","reason":"act of Congress","affectedFeatureIds":["va_state","wv_state"],"citation":"U.S. Rpts., 78:39 [Wallace, vol. 11]; U.S. Stat., vol. 14, res. 12[1866]/p. 350; W.Va. Acts 1863, 1st sess., ch. 35, sec. 1/pp. 33-35; U.S. Rpts., 78:39 [Wallace, vol. 11]; U.S. Stat., vol. 14, res. 12 [1866]/ p. 350; W.Va. Acts 1863, 1st sess., ch. 35, sec. 1/pp. 33-35","sourceUrl":"https://publications.newberry.org/ahcb/pages/United_States.html","needsReview":false,"references":["West Virginia. Acts of the Legislature of West Virginia. Wheeling and Charleston, 1863– . Cited as W.Va. Acts."],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"bc-1863-11-02-wv_state","date":"1863-11-02","type":"border-change","title":"Jefferson County was separated from Virginia and became a county in the state…","summary":"The state of Virginia lost Jefferson County (W.Va.) to West Virginia. Jefferson County was separated from Virginia and became a county in the state of West Virginia. Affected: Virginia and West Virginia.","reason":"act of Congress","affectedFeatureIds":["va_state","wv_state"],"citation":"U.S. Rpts., 78:39 [Wallace, vol. 11]; U.S. Stat., vol. 14, res. 12[1866]/p. 350; W.Va. Acts 1863, 1st sess., ch. 90, sec. 1/pp. 103-105; U.S. Rpts., 78:39 [Wallace, vol. 11]; U.S. Stat., vol. 14, res. 12 [1866]/ p. 350; W.Va. Acts 1863, 1st sess., ch. 90, sec. 1/pp. 103-105","sourceUrl":"https://publications.newberry.org/ahcb/pages/United_States.html","needsReview":false,"references":["West Virginia. Acts of the Legislature of West Virginia. Wheeling and Charleston, 1863– . Cited as W.Va. Acts."],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"bc-1864-05-26-mt_terr","date":"1864-05-26","type":"border-change","title":"Montana Territory created","summary":"Dakota Territory gained from Idaho Territory; included most of present Wyoming and a small area of about two square miles in present Montana that had been part of Madison County (Mont.). The United States created Montana Territory from Idaho Territory with boundaries identical to the state of Montana; Dakota Territory gained most of present Wyoming from Idaho Territory. Affected: Dakota Territory, Idaho Territory, and Montana Territory.","reason":"act of Congress","affectedFeatureIds":["dk_terr","id_terr","mt_terr"],"citation":"U.S. Stat., vol. 13, ch. 95[1864], sec. 18/p. 92; Van Zandt, 134-136, 156-157; U.S. Stat., vol. 13, ch. 95 [1864], sec. 1/pp. 85-92 and sec. 18/p. 92; Sanders, Helen F., 1:329; Van Zandt, 134-136, 145, 156-157; U.S. Stat., vol. 13, ch. 95 [1864], sec. 1/pp. 85-92; Sanders, Helen F., 1:329; Van Zandt, 145","sourceUrl":"https://publications.newberry.org/ahcb/pages/United_States.html","needsReview":false,"references":["Van Zandt, Franklin K. Boundaries of the United States and the Several States. Geological Survey Professional Paper 909. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1976. The standard compilation for its subject.","Sanders, Helen Fitzgerald. History of Montana. 3 vols. Chicago: Lewis Publishing Co., 1913."],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"bc-1864-10-31-nv_state","date":"1864-10-31","type":"border-change","title":"Nevada becomes a state","summary":"The state of Nevada was created from Nevada Territory and admitted to the Union by presidential proclamation. Affected: Nevada and Nevada Territory.","reason":"statehood","affectedFeatureIds":["nv_state","nv_terr"],"citation":"U.S. Stat., vol. 13, ch. 36[1864]/pp. 30-32 and proc. 22/p. 749; Van Zandt, 158-160","sourceUrl":"https://publications.newberry.org/ahcb/pages/United_States.html","needsReview":false,"references":["Van Zandt, Franklin K. Boundaries of the United States and the Several States. Geological Survey Professional Paper 909. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1976. The standard compilation for its subject."],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"bc-1866-05-05-az_terr","date":"1866-05-05","type":"border-change","title":"State of Nevada gained parts of Mohave County and Pah-Ute County (extinct) when…","summary":"State of Nevada gained parts of Mohave County and Pah-Ute County (extinct) when the United States transferred the portion of Arizona Territory lying between 37 degrees and 42 degrees of north latitude and west of 114 degrees west longitude to Nevada. Nevada Territory gained from Utah Territory and from Arizona Territory. Affected: Arizona Territory, Nevada, and Utah Territory.","reason":"act of Congress","affectedFeatureIds":["az_terr","nv_state","ut_terr"],"citation":"U.S. Stat., vol. 14, ch. 73[1866]/p. 43; Van Zandt, 158, 165; Ariz. Terr. Laws 1867, 3rd assy./ pp. 67-68; Ariz. Terr. Laws 1868, 4th assy./ pp. 68-69; U.S. Stat., vol. 14, ch. 73[1866]/p. 43; Van Zandt, 158, 165; Nev. Stats. 1866, 2d sess., ch. 84/p. 183; U.S. Stat., vol. 14, ch. 73[1866]/p. 43; Van Zandt, 158-159","sourceUrl":"https://publications.newberry.org/ahcb/pages/United_States.html","needsReview":false,"references":["Van Zandt, Franklin K. Boundaries of the United States and the Several States. Geological Survey Professional Paper 909. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1976. The standard compilation for its subject.","Arizona Territory. Acts, Resolutions and Memorials of the Territory of Arizona. Prescott, Tucson [et al.], 1864–1909. Title varies. The session laws for the territory of Arizona. Cited as Ariz. Terr. Laws."],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"bc-1867-03-01-ne_state","date":"1867-03-01","type":"border-change","title":"Nebraska becomes a state","summary":"The state of Nebraska was created from Nebraska Territory; Nebraska Territory eliminated. Affected: Nebraska and Nebraska Territory.","reason":"statehood","affectedFeatureIds":["ne_state","ne_terr"],"citation":"U.S. Stat., vol. 13, ch. 59 [1864]/pp. 47-50; U.S. Stat., vol. 14, ch. 36 [1867]/pp. 391-392 and proc. 9/pp. 820-821; Van Zandt, 137","sourceUrl":"https://publications.newberry.org/ahcb/pages/United_States.html","needsReview":false,"references":["Van Zandt, Franklin K. Boundaries of the United States and the Several States. Geological Survey Professional Paper 909. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1976. The standard compilation for its subject."],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"bc-1867-03-30-ak_dept","date":"1867-03-30","type":"border-change","title":"The United States acquired Alaska from Russia","summary":"The United States acquired Alaska from Russia. Presidential proclamation issued 20 June 1867.","reason":"treaty","affectedFeatureIds":["ak_dept"],"citation":"Parry, 134:331-335; Swindler, 1:163-168","sourceUrl":"https://publications.newberry.org/ahcb/pages/United_States.html","needsReview":false,"references":["Parry, Clive, ed. Consolidated Treaty Series. 231 volumes. Dobbs Ferry, N.Y.: Oceana Publications, 1969–1981.","Swindler, William F., ed. Sources and Documents of United States Constitutions. 10 vols. Dobbs Ferry, N.Y.: Oceana Publications, 1973–1979. The most complete and up-to-date compilation for the states."],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"bc-1868-07-25-wy_terr","date":"1868-07-25","type":"border-change","title":"Wyoming Territory created","summary":"The small remnant of Dakota Territory in present Montana again became non-county area when Wyoming Territory boundaries were established. The United States created Wyoming Territory from Dakota, Idaho, and Utah Territories, and from part of ONEIDA. Affected: Dakota Territory, Idaho Territory, Utah Territory, and Wyoming Territory.","reason":"act of Congress","affectedFeatureIds":["dk_terr","id_terr","ut_terr","wy_terr"],"citation":"U.S. Stat., vol. 15, ch. 235[1868], secs. 1, 17/pp. 178, 183; Van Zandt, 136, 144; Trenholm, 1:83-84; U.S. Stat., vol. 15, ch. 235 [1868], secs. 1, 17/pp. 178, 183; Van Zandt, 136, 144, 156; Trenholm, 1:83-84; U.S. Stat., vol. 15, ch. 235[1868], secs. 1, 17/pp. 178, 183; Van Zandt, 136, 144","sourceUrl":"https://publications.newberry.org/ahcb/pages/United_States.html","needsReview":false,"references":["Van Zandt, Franklin K. Boundaries of the United States and the Several States. Geological Survey Professional Paper 909. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1976. The standard compilation for its subject.","Trenholm, Virginia Cole, ed., Wyoming Blue Book. 3 vols. Cheyenne: Wyoming State Archives and Historical Department, 1974."],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"bc-1871-02-09-ne_state","date":"1871-02-09","type":"border-change","title":"Dakota County gained small area from Union County (S.D.) in Dakota Territory…","summary":"Union County lost small area to the state of Nebraska when the Missouri River changed course. Dakota County gained small area from Union County (S.D.) in Dakota Territory when the Missouri River changed course. Affected: Dakota Territory and Nebraska.","reason":"act of Congress","affectedFeatureIds":["dk_terr","ne_state"],"citation":"Neb. Laws 1871, 8th reg. sess., pp. 131-132; U.S. Stat., vol. 16, ch. 64[1870]/p. 93; Van Zandt, 137","sourceUrl":"https://publications.newberry.org/ahcb/pages/United_States.html","needsReview":false,"references":["Nebraska. Laws of the State of Nebraska. Des Moines, Iowa, and Lincoln, 1866–. Cited as Neb. Laws.","Van Zandt, Franklin K. Boundaries of the United States and the Several States. Geological Survey Professional Paper 909. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1976. The standard compilation for its subject."],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"bc-1873-01-08-dk_terr","date":"1873-01-08","type":"border-change","title":"Tripp County created by Dakota Territory in present South Dakota from Gregory…","summary":"Tripp County created by Dakota Territory in present South Dakota from Gregory County, Todd County (original, extinct), and Non-County Area (1); Tripp County included a small piece of present Nebraska. Affected: Dakota Territory and Nebraska.","reason":"state law","affectedFeatureIds":["dk_terr","ne_state"],"citation":"Dak. Terr. Laws 1872, 10th sess., ch. 19, sec. 4/p. 45","sourceUrl":"https://publications.newberry.org/ahcb/pages/United_States.html","needsReview":false,"references":["Dakota Territory. Laws of the Territory of Dakota. Yankton, Bismarck, and Grand Forks, 1862–1889. Cited as Dak. Terr. Laws."],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"bc-1873-02-17-dk_terr","date":"1873-02-17","type":"border-change","title":"Montana Territory gained the small remnant of Dakota Territory that remained…","summary":"Montana Territory gained the small remnant of Dakota Territory that remained between Montana and Wyoming Territories. Affected: Dakota Territory and Montana Territory.","reason":"act of Congress","affectedFeatureIds":["dk_terr","mt_terr"],"citation":"U.S. Stat., vol. 17, ch. 147[1873]/p. 464; Van Zandt, 136, 145, 150; U.S. Stat., vol. 17, ch. 147 [1873]/p. 464; Van Zandt, 136, 145, 150","sourceUrl":"https://publications.newberry.org/ahcb/pages/United_States.html","needsReview":false,"references":["Van Zandt, Franklin K. Boundaries of the United States and the Several States. Geological Survey Professional Paper 909. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1976. The standard compilation for its subject."],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"bc-1876-08-01-co_state","date":"1876-08-01","type":"border-change","title":"Colorado becomes a state","summary":"The state of Colorado was created from Colorado Territory; Colorado Territory eliminated. Affected: Colorado and Colorado Territory.","reason":"statehood","affectedFeatureIds":["co_state","co_terr"],"citation":"Van Zandt, 141; U.S. Stat., vol. 18, part 3 [1876], p. 474","sourceUrl":"https://publications.newberry.org/ahcb/pages/United_States.html","needsReview":false,"references":["Van Zandt, Franklin K. Boundaries of the United States and the Several States. Geological Survey Professional Paper 909. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1976. The standard compilation for its subject."],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"bc-1882-05-23-dk_terr","date":"1882-05-23","type":"border-change","title":"Gregory County, Tripp County, and Todd County (original, extinct) each lost to…","summary":"Gregory County, Tripp County, and Todd County (original, extinct) each lost to the state of Nebraska. Todd County implicitly gained part of Fort Randall Military Reserve, and the remaining part of the Military Reserve became part of the state of Nebraska. Affected: Dakota Territory and Nebraska.","reason":"act of Congress","affectedFeatureIds":["dk_terr","ne_state"],"citation":"Neb. Laws 1882, 17th sess., ch. 4/p. 56; U.S. Stat., vol. 22, ch. 52[1882]/p. 35; Van Zandt, 136-138","sourceUrl":"https://publications.newberry.org/ahcb/pages/United_States.html","needsReview":false,"references":["Nebraska. Laws of the State of Nebraska. Des Moines, Iowa, and Lincoln, 1866–. Cited as Neb. Laws.","Van Zandt, Franklin K. Boundaries of the United States and the Several States. Geological Survey Professional Paper 909. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1976. The standard compilation for its subject."],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"bc-1884-05-17-ak_district","date":"1884-05-17","type":"border-change","title":"Alaska District created","summary":"The United States Congress established a civil government for Alaska. This act was limited and resulted in a partial organization of Alaska as a territory. Affected: Alaska District and Alaska Department.","reason":"act of Congress","affectedFeatureIds":["ak_dept","ak_district"],"citation":"Swindler, 1:168-174","sourceUrl":"https://publications.newberry.org/ahcb/pages/United_States.html","needsReview":false,"references":["Swindler, William F., ed. Sources and Documents of United States Constitutions. 10 vols. Dobbs Ferry, N.Y.: Oceana Publications, 1973–1979. The most complete and up-to-date compilation for the states."],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"bc-1889-11-02-nd_state","date":"1889-11-02","type":"border-change","title":"North Dakota and South Dakota become states","summary":"The state of North Dakota was created from the Dakota Territory; Dakota Territory eliminated. The state of South Dakota was created from the Dakota Territory; Dakota Territory eliminated. Affected: North Dakota, South Dakota, and Dakota Territory.","reason":"statehood","affectedFeatureIds":["dk_terr","nd_state","sd_state"],"citation":"U.S. Stat., vol. 25, ch. 180[1889]/pp. 676-684 and vol. 26, no. 5/pp. 1548-1549; Swindler, 7:526-527; Van Zandt, 134; U.S. Stat., vol. 25, ch. 180[1889]/pp. 676-684; U.S. Stat., vol. 26, no. 5/pp. 1548-1549; Swindler, 9:107-109; Van Zandt, 134","sourceUrl":"https://publications.newberry.org/ahcb/pages/United_States.html","needsReview":false,"references":["Swindler, William F., ed. Sources and Documents of United States Constitutions. 10 vols. Dobbs Ferry, N.Y.: Oceana Publications, 1973–1979. The most complete and up-to-date compilation for the states.","Van Zandt, Franklin K. Boundaries of the United States and the Several States. Geological Survey Professional Paper 909. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1976. The standard compilation for its subject."],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"bc-1889-11-08-mt_state","date":"1889-11-08","type":"border-change","title":"Montana becomes a state","summary":"The state of Montana created from Montana Territory and to the Union by Presidential proclamation; Montana Territory eliminated. Affected: Montana and Montana Territory.","reason":"statehood","affectedFeatureIds":["mt_state","mt_terr"],"citation":"U.S. Stat., vol. 26, pp. 1551-1552 and vol. 25, ch. 180 [1889]/pp. 676-684; Swindler, 6:82-83","sourceUrl":"https://publications.newberry.org/ahcb/pages/United_States.html","needsReview":false,"references":["Swindler, William F., ed. Sources and Documents of United States Constitutions. 10 vols. Dobbs Ferry, N.Y.: Oceana Publications, 1973–1979. The most complete and up-to-date compilation for the states."],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"bc-1889-11-11-wa_state","date":"1889-11-11","type":"border-change","title":"Washington becomes a state","summary":"The state of Washington was created from Washington Territory; Washington Territory eliminated. Affected: Washington and Washington Territory.","reason":"statehood","affectedFeatureIds":["wa_state","wa_terr"],"citation":"U.S. Stat., vol. 25, ch. 180[1889], p. 676; U.S. Stat. pres. proc., vol. 26[1889], p. 10; Van Zandt, 155-156","sourceUrl":"https://publications.newberry.org/ahcb/pages/United_States.html","needsReview":false,"references":["Van Zandt, Franklin K. Boundaries of the United States and the Several States. Geological Survey Professional Paper 909. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1976. The standard compilation for its subject."],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"bc-1890-05-02-ok_terr","date":"1890-05-02","type":"border-change","title":"Oklahoma Territory created","summary":"The United States created Oklahoma Territory from Indian Territory and unorganized federal territory (the Oklahoma panhandle or Public Land Strip). Affected: Indian Territory, Oklahoma Territory, and Unorganized Federal Territory.","reason":"act of Congress","affectedFeatureIds":["it_indianterr","ok_terr","uf_terr"],"citation":"\"Proclamation,\" Weekly Oklahoma State Capital [newspaper], 7 June 1890; U.S. Stat., vol. 26, ch. 182[1890], sec. 4/p. 83; Morris, 116-118; Van Zandt, 139-140","sourceUrl":"https://publications.newberry.org/ahcb/pages/United_States.html","needsReview":false,"references":["\"Proclamation,\" Weekly Oklahoma State Capital [newspaper], 7 June 1890;","Morris, John W., Charles R. Goins, and Edwin C. McReynolds. Historical Atlas of Oklahoma. 2nd ed. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1976.","Van Zandt, Franklin K. Boundaries of the United States and the Several States. Geological Survey Professional Paper 909. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1976. The standard compilation for its subject."],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"bc-1890-07-03-id_state","date":"1890-07-03","type":"border-change","title":"Idaho becomes a state","summary":"The state of Idaho was created from Idaho Territory; Idaho Territory eliminated. Affected: Idaho and Idaho Territory.","reason":"statehood","affectedFeatureIds":["id_state","id_terr"],"citation":"U.S. Stat., vol. 26, ch. 656 [1890]/pp. 215-219; Van Zandt, 156","sourceUrl":"https://publications.newberry.org/ahcb/pages/United_States.html","needsReview":false,"references":["Van Zandt, Franklin K. Boundaries of the United States and the Several States. Geological Survey Professional Paper 909. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1976. The standard compilation for its subject."],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"bc-1890-07-10-wy_state","date":"1890-07-10","type":"border-change","title":"Wyoming becomes a state","summary":"The state of Wyoming was created from Wyoming Territory; Wyoming Territory eliminated. Affected: Wyoming and Wyoming Territory.","reason":"statehood","affectedFeatureIds":["wy_state","wy_terr"],"citation":"Wyoming Constitution 1889, art. 12 in Swindler, 10:493; U.S. Stat., vol. 26, ch. 664[1890]/pp. 222-226; Van Zandt, 145","sourceUrl":"https://publications.newberry.org/ahcb/pages/United_States.html","needsReview":false,"references":["Van Zandt, Franklin K. Boundaries of the United States and the Several States. Geological Survey Professional Paper 909. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1976. The standard compilation for its subject."],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"bc-1893-08-19-it_indianterr","date":"1893-08-19","type":"border-change","title":"Oklahoma Territory gained a portion of the Indian Territory, designated the…","summary":"Oklahoma Territory gained a portion of the Indian Territory, designated the Cherokee Outlet, under a treaty between the United States and the Cherokee Nation. Affected: Indian Territory and Oklahoma Territory.","reason":"treaty","affectedFeatureIds":["it_indianterr","ok_terr"],"citation":"U.S. Stat., vol. 27, ch. 209[1893]/pp. 640-641 and vol. 28, procl. 5/pp. 1225-1227; Morris, 120-123; Morris, Goins, and McReynolds, map 54; Van Zandt, 140","sourceUrl":"https://publications.newberry.org/ahcb/pages/United_States.html","needsReview":false,"references":["Morris, John W., Charles R. Goins, and Edwin C. McReynolds. Historical Atlas of Oklahoma. 2nd ed. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1976.","Van Zandt, Franklin K. Boundaries of the United States and the Several States. Geological Survey Professional Paper 909. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1976. The standard compilation for its subject."],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"bc-1896-01-04-ut_state","date":"1896-01-04","type":"border-change","title":"Utah becomes a state","summary":"The state of Utah was created from Utah Territory; Utah Territory eliminated. Affected: Utah and Utah Territory.","reason":"statehood","affectedFeatureIds":["ut_state","ut_terr"],"citation":"U.S. Stat., vol. 28, ch. 138 [1894]/pp. 107-112; U.S. Stat., vol. 29, procl. no. 9, [1896]/pp. 876-877; Van Zandt, 159","sourceUrl":"https://publications.newberry.org/ahcb/pages/United_States.html","needsReview":false,"references":["Van Zandt, Franklin K. Boundaries of the United States and the Several States. Geological Survey Professional Paper 909. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1976. The standard compilation for its subject."],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"bc-1896-05-04-tx_state","date":"1896-05-04","type":"border-change","title":"Greer County eliminated from Texas when U.S. Supreme Court ruled that Greer…","summary":"Greer County eliminated from Texas when U.S. Supreme Court ruled that Greer County was not within the boundaries of Texas, but was under the jurisdiction of the United States. Greer County became a county in Oklahoma Territory on 4 May 1896.","reason":"court decision","affectedFeatureIds":["tx_state"],"citation":"\"United States v. Texas,\" in U.S. Rpts., 162:1-91; U.S. Stat., vol. 29, ch. 155[1896]/pp. 113-114","sourceUrl":"https://publications.newberry.org/ahcb/pages/United_States.html","needsReview":false,"references":[],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"bc-1898-07-07-hi_annexation","date":"1898-07-07","type":"border-change","title":"Hawaii Annexation","summary":"President McKinley signed a joint resolution of Congress annexing Hawaii to the United States.","reason":"annexation","affectedFeatureIds":["hi_annexation"],"citation":"Swindler, 79","sourceUrl":"https://publications.newberry.org/ahcb/pages/United_States.html","needsReview":false,"references":["Swindler, William F., ed. Sources and Documents of United States Constitutions. 10 vols. Dobbs Ferry, N.Y.: Oceana Publications, 1973–1979. The most complete and up-to-date compilation for the states."],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"bc-1899-04-11-pr_terr","date":"1899-04-11","type":"border-change","title":"Guam, Philippine Islands, and Puerto Rico become US territories","summary":"Spain ceded Guam to the United States under the Treaty of Paris (1898), which took effect when ratifications were exchanged on 11 April 1899. Spain ceded the Philippine Islands to the United States under the Treaty of Paris (1898), which took effect when ratifications were exchanged on 11 April 1899. Affected: Guam, Philippine Islands, and Puerto Rico.","reason":"treaty","affectedFeatureIds":["gu_terr","ph_terr","pr_terr"],"citation":"Treaty of Peace between the United States and Spain, signed 10 Dec 1898, art. II; ratifications exchanged 11 Apr 1899 (30 Stat. 1754; Treaty of Peace between the United States and Spain, signed 10 Dec 1898, art. III; ratifications exchanged 11 Apr 1899 (30 Stat. 1754","sourceUrl":"https://avalon.law.yale.edu/19th_century/sp1898.asp","needsReview":true,"references":[],"reviewNotes":["Curated (not from Newberry); the shape is the present-day outline."]},{"id":"bc-1900-04-17-as_terr","date":"1900-04-17","type":"border-change","title":"American Samoa becomes a US territory","summary":"Chiefs of Tutuila ceded the island to the United States in 1900, following the 1899 convention that divided the Samoan Islands. Manu'a was ceded in 1904 and Swains Island was added in 1925; the present-day shape is shown from 1900.","reason":"cession","affectedFeatureIds":["as_terr"],"citation":"Convention between the United States, Germany, and Great Britain (1899, 31 Stat. 1878); Deed of Cession of Tutuila, 17 Apr 1900; Deed of Cession of Manu'a, 1904; Act of 4 Mar 1925 (Swains Island","sourceUrl":"https://www.doi.gov/oia/islands/american-samoa","needsReview":true,"references":[],"reviewNotes":["Curated (not from Newberry); the shape is the present-day outline."]},{"id":"bc-1900-06-14-hi_terr","date":"1900-06-14","type":"border-change","title":"Hawaii Territory created","summary":"The United States created the Territory of Hawaii. Affected: Hawaii Territory and Hawaii Annexation.","reason":"unclear from source","affectedFeatureIds":["hi_annexation","hi_terr"],"citation":"Swindler, 83-105","sourceUrl":"https://publications.newberry.org/ahcb/pages/United_States.html","needsReview":true,"references":["Swindler, William F., ed. Sources and Documents of United States Constitutions. 10 vols. Dobbs Ferry, N.Y.: Oceana Publications, 1973–1979. The most complete and up-to-date compilation for the states."],"reviewNotes":["Cause could not be determined from the source text."]},{"id":"bc-1902-11-04-ne_state","date":"1902-11-04","type":"border-change","title":"Clay County (S.D.) officially gained an island in the Missouri River from Dixon…","summary":"Clay County (S.D.) officially gained an island in the Missouri River from Dixon County (Neb.); voters approved the gain 1006 to 25. Affected: Nebraska and South Dakota.","reason":"state law","affectedFeatureIds":["ne_state","sd_state"],"citation":"Schell, History of Clay County, 102-104; S. Dak. Laws 1901, 7th sess., ch. 85/p. 109","sourceUrl":"https://publications.newberry.org/ahcb/pages/United_States.html","needsReview":false,"references":[],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"bc-1907-11-16-ok_state","date":"1907-11-16","type":"border-change","title":"Oklahoma becomes a state","summary":"The state of Oklahoma was created from Oklahoma Territory and Indian Territory; Oklahoma Territory and Indian Territory eliminated. Affected: Oklahoma, Indian Territory, and Oklahoma Territory.","reason":"statehood","affectedFeatureIds":["it_indianterr","ok_state","ok_terr"],"citation":"U.S. Stat., vol. 34, ch. 3335 [1906]/pp. 267-268 and vol. 35, pp. 2160-2161; Van Zandt, 140-141","sourceUrl":"https://publications.newberry.org/ahcb/pages/United_States.html","needsReview":false,"references":["Van Zandt, Franklin K. Boundaries of the United States and the Several States. Geological Survey Professional Paper 909. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1976. The standard compilation for its subject."],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"bc-1909-01-01-mi_state","date":"1909-01-01","type":"border-change","title":"The new Michigan constitution redefined part of the interstate boundary with…","summary":"The new Michigan constitution redefined part of the interstate boundary with Wisconsin across the Upper Peninsula. Gogebic County (Mich.) implicitly overlapped Wisconsin (Iron County and Vilas County Counties), but Wisconsin kept control of the disputed area.","reason":"boundary settlement","affectedFeatureIds":["mi_state"],"citation":"Swindler, 5:249","sourceUrl":"https://publications.newberry.org/ahcb/pages/United_States.html","needsReview":false,"references":["Swindler, William F., ed. Sources and Documents of United States Constitutions. 10 vols. Dobbs Ferry, N.Y.: Oceana Publications, 1973–1979. The most complete and up-to-date compilation for the states."],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"bc-1912-01-06-nm_state","date":"1912-01-06","type":"border-change","title":"New Mexico becomes a state","summary":"The state of New Mexico was created from New Mexico Territory; New Mexico Territory eliminated. Affected: New Mexico and New Mexico Territory.","reason":"statehood","affectedFeatureIds":["nm_state","nm_terr"],"citation":"U.S. Stat., vol. 34, Part 1, [ch. 3335 /p. 267]","sourceUrl":"https://publications.newberry.org/ahcb/pages/United_States.html","needsReview":false,"references":[],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"bc-1912-02-14-az_state","date":"1912-02-14","type":"border-change","title":"Arizona becomes a state","summary":"The state of Arizona was created from Arizona Territory; Arizona Territory eliminated. Affected: Arizona and Arizona Territory.","reason":"statehood","affectedFeatureIds":["az_state","az_terr"],"citation":"U.S. Stat., vol. 34, pt. 1, ch. 3335[1906]/pp. 267-285; U.S. Stat., vol. 36, pt. 1, ch. 310[1910]/pp. 557-579; U.S. Stat., vol. 37, pt. 1, res. 8[1911]/pp. 39-43; pt. 2[1912]/pp. 1728-1729","sourceUrl":"https://publications.newberry.org/ahcb/pages/United_States.html","needsReview":false,"references":[],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"bc-1912-08-24-ak_terr","date":"1912-08-24","type":"border-change","title":"Alaska was fully organized as a territory in the United States","summary":"Alaska was fully organized as a territory in the United States. Affected: Alaska Territory and Alaska District.","reason":"act of Congress","affectedFeatureIds":["ak_district","ak_terr"],"citation":"U.S. Stat., vol. 37, ch. 387[1912]/pp. 512-518; Van Zandt, 29","sourceUrl":"https://publications.newberry.org/ahcb/pages/United_States.html","needsReview":false,"references":["Van Zandt, Franklin K. Boundaries of the United States and the Several States. Geological Survey Professional Paper 909. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1976. The standard compilation for its subject."],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"bc-1917-03-31-vi_terr","date":"1917-03-31","type":"border-change","title":"U.S. Virgin Islands becomes a US territory","summary":"The United States bought the Danish West Indies from Denmark for $25 million. The islands were formally transferred on 31 March 1917.","reason":"purchase","affectedFeatureIds":["vi_terr"],"citation":"Convention between the United States and Denmark for cession of the Danish West Indies, signed 4 Aug 1916 (39 Stat. 1706","sourceUrl":"https://www.doi.gov/oia/islands/virgin-islands","needsReview":true,"references":[],"reviewNotes":["Curated (not from Newberry); the shape is the present-day outline."]},{"id":"bc-1923-10-08-mi_state","date":"1923-10-08","type":"border-change","title":"Michigan took its 1909 boundary dispute with Wisconsin to the United States…","summary":"Michigan took its 1909 boundary dispute with Wisconsin to the United States Supreme Court and expanded its scope by claiming more territory on the Upper Peninsula and more of the waters and islands of Green Bay.","reason":"court decision","affectedFeatureIds":["mi_state"],"citation":"Martin, \"Michigan-Wisconsin,\" 116, 118, 132","sourceUrl":"https://publications.newberry.org/ahcb/pages/United_States.html","needsReview":false,"references":["Martin, Lawrence. \"Michigan-Wisconsin Boundary Case in the Supreme Court of the United States, 1923–26.\" Annals of the Association of American Geographers 20 (1930): 105–163."],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"bc-1926-03-01-mi_state","date":"1926-03-01","type":"border-change","title":"The United States Supreme Court decided the dispute between Michigan and…","summary":"The United States Supreme Court decided the dispute between Michigan and Wisconsin entirely in favor of Wisconsin; implicit overlaps of Wisconsin by Delta County, Gogebic County, and Iron County ended.","reason":"court decision","affectedFeatureIds":["mi_state"],"citation":"Martin, \"Michigan-Wisconsin,\" 141-143","sourceUrl":"https://publications.newberry.org/ahcb/pages/United_States.html","needsReview":false,"references":["Martin, Lawrence. \"Michigan-Wisconsin Boundary Case in the Supreme Court of the United States, 1923–26.\" Annals of the Association of American Geographers 20 (1930): 105–163."],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"bc-1926-11-22-wi_state","date":"1926-11-22","type":"border-change","title":"An overlap was created when Wisconsin appeared to gain islands north of the…","summary":"An overlap was created when Wisconsin appeared to gain islands north of the Rock Island Passage from Michigan when the U.S. Supreme Court described the Wis.-Mich. boundary through Lake Michigan and Green Bay and introduced some unintentional errors.","reason":"court decision","affectedFeatureIds":["wi_state"],"citation":"Martin, \"Michigan-Wisconsin,\" 143-145, 158; Paullin, 86, pl. 101","sourceUrl":"https://publications.newberry.org/ahcb/pages/United_States.html","needsReview":false,"references":["Martin, Lawrence. \"Michigan-Wisconsin Boundary Case in the Supreme Court of the United States, 1923–26.\" Annals of the Association of American Geographers 20 (1930): 105–163.","Paullin, Charles O. Atlas of the Historical Geography of the United States. Edited by John K. Wright. Washington, D.C., and New York: Carnegie Institution of Washington and American Geographical Society of New York, 1932. Excellent section on international and interstate boundary disputes."],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"bc-1936-03-16-wi_state","date":"1936-03-16","type":"border-change","title":"Dispute between Michigan and Wisconsin ended when the U.S. Supreme Court…","summary":"Dispute between Michigan and Wisconsin ended when the U.S. Supreme Court decreed the precise course of the revised Michigan-Wisconsin boundary through Green Bay and Lake Michigan.","reason":"court decision","affectedFeatureIds":["wi_state"],"citation":"Martin, \"Second Wisconsin-Michigan,\" 86, 118-121","sourceUrl":"https://publications.newberry.org/ahcb/pages/United_States.html","needsReview":false,"references":["Martin, Lawrence. \"Second Wisconsin-Michigan Boundary Case in the Supreme Court of the United States, 1932–1936.\" Annals of the Association of American Geographers 28 (1938): 77–126."],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"bc-1946-07-04-ph_terr-ends","date":"1946-07-04","type":"border-change","affectedFeatureIds":["ph_terr"],"references":[],"title":"Philippine independence","summary":"The United States recognized the Republic of the Philippines as an independent state on 4 July 1946, and the two countries signed a treaty the same day.","reason":"independence","citation":"Treaty of General Relations between the United States and the Republic of the Philippines, signed 4 Jul 1946","sourceUrl":"https://history.state.gov/countries/philippines","needsReview":true,"reviewNotes":["Curated (not from Newberry)."]},{"id":"bc-1950-08-03-ks_state","date":"1950-08-03","type":"border-change","title":"Missouri and Kansas exchanged territory along the Missouri River from 40…","summary":"Missouri and Kansas exchanged territory along the Missouri River from 40 degrees north latitude to the Kansas River. The change was made to accommodate shifts in the course of the Missouri River following the 1944 flood. Affected: Kansas and Missouri.","reason":"state law","affectedFeatureIds":["ks_state","mo_state"],"citation":"U.S. Stat., vol. 64, ch. 519 [1950]/p. 397; Mo. Laws 1949, S.B. 141, p. 311; Kans. Laws 1949, 53d leg., chs. 196, 510/pp. 293-294, 837-838","sourceUrl":"https://publications.newberry.org/ahcb/pages/United_States.html","needsReview":false,"references":["Missouri. Laws of Missouri. St. Louis, 1820–. Cited as Mo. Laws.","Kansas. General Laws of the State of Kansas. Lawrence [et al.], 1861–. Title varies. The session laws of the state of Kansas. Cited as Kans. Laws."],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"bc-1959-01-03-ak_state","date":"1959-01-03","type":"border-change","title":"Alaska becomes a state","summary":"The state of Alaska was created from Alaska Territory by Presidential proclamation; Alaska Territory eliminated. Affected: Alaska and Alaska Territory.","reason":"statehood","affectedFeatureIds":["ak_state","ak_terr"],"citation":"Swindler, 1:208-225; Van Zandt, 165","sourceUrl":"https://publications.newberry.org/ahcb/pages/United_States.html","needsReview":false,"references":["Swindler, William F., ed. Sources and Documents of United States Constitutions. 10 vols. Dobbs Ferry, N.Y.: Oceana Publications, 1973–1979. The most complete and up-to-date compilation for the states.","Van Zandt, Franklin K. Boundaries of the United States and the Several States. Geological Survey Professional Paper 909. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1976. The standard compilation for its subject."],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"bc-1959-08-21-hi_state","date":"1959-08-21","type":"border-change","title":"Hawaii becomes a state","summary":"The state of Hawaii was created from Hawaii Territory; Hawaii Territory eliminated. Affected: Hawaii and Hawaii Territory.","reason":"statehood","affectedFeatureIds":["hi_state","hi_terr"],"citation":"Swindler, 120-133; Van Zandt, 166","sourceUrl":"https://publications.newberry.org/ahcb/pages/United_States.html","needsReview":false,"references":["Swindler, William F., ed. Sources and Documents of United States Constitutions. 10 vols. Dobbs Ferry, N.Y.: Oceana Publications, 1973–1979. The most complete and up-to-date compilation for the states.","Van Zandt, Franklin K. Boundaries of the United States and the Several States. Geological Survey Professional Paper 909. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1976. The standard compilation for its subject."],"reviewNotes":[]},{"id":"bc-1959-12-31-ca_state","date":"1959-12-31","type":"border-change","title":"Between 1949 and 1959 (precise date unknown) San Francisco County gained a…","summary":"Between 1949 and 1959 (precise date unknown) San Francisco County gained a small area of the Alameda Naval Air Station when landfill expansion extended westward over the county line between San Francisco County and Alameda County in San Francisco Bay.","reason":"unclear from source","affectedFeatureIds":["ca_state"],"citation":"U.S.G.S., 7.5 Minute Series, Oakland West Quadrangle, \"Edition of 1949\" and \"Edition of 1959\"","sourceUrl":"https://publications.newberry.org/ahcb/pages/United_States.html","needsReview":true,"references":[],"reviewNotes":["Cause could not be determined from the source text.","Source describes the date or extent as uncertain."]},{"id":"bc-1986-11-03-mp_terr","date":"1986-11-03","type":"border-change","title":"Northern Mariana Islands becomes a US territory","summary":"The Northern Mariana Islands, part of the UN Trust Territory administered by the United States since 1947, became a US commonwealth when the trusteeship ended for the islands in 1986.","reason":"act of Congress","affectedFeatureIds":["mp_terr"],"citation":"Covenant to Establish a Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, Pub. L. 94-241 (90 Stat. 263, 1976); Presidential Proclamation 5564, 3 Nov 1986","sourceUrl":"https://www.doi.gov/oia/islands/cnmi","needsReview":true,"references":[],"reviewNotes":["Curated (not from Newberry); the shape is the present-day outline."]}]